{"id":3522,"date":"2023-12-27T15:20:52","date_gmt":"2023-12-27T13:20:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/?p=3522"},"modified":"2023-12-27T15:20:52","modified_gmt":"2023-12-27T13:20:52","slug":"garigums-psihodrama","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/lv\/garigums-psihodrama\/","title":{"rendered":"Gar\u012bgums psihodr\u0101m\u0101"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Raksta autore: Mg. Sc. Sal. Ineta Vanaga<\/strong> – Sabiedr\u012bbas vesel\u012bbas speci\u0101liste un Vesel\u012bbas zin\u0101t\u0146u ma\u0123istre. Apguvusi Psihodr\u0101mas l\u012bdera kvalifik\u0101ciju (psihoterapijas speci\u0101lists psihodr\u0101m\u0101, sociometrij\u0101 un grupu psihoterapij\u0101) Moreno Instit\u016bt\u0101 Latvij\u0101.<\/p>

Psihodr\u0101ma k\u0101 gar\u012bgais ce\u013c\u0161 darb\u012bb\u0101<\/strong><\/p>

Psihodr\u0101ma[1]<\/a> (Psyche<\/em> un Drama \u2013 dv\u0113sele darb\u012bb\u0101)<\/em> \u00a0ir grupas psihoterapijas veids, kas norit m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgi virz\u012bt\u0101 darb\u012bb\u0101, iesaistot \u0137ermeni, izp\u0113tot un risinot indiv\u012bda un\/vai grupas probl\u0113mas. T\u0101 ved cilv\u0113ku vi\u0146a iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 telp\u0101, \u013caujot to ar psihodramatiskas darb\u012bbas pal\u012bdz\u012bbu att\u0113lot \u0101r\u0113j\u0101 realit\u0101t\u0113, iedz\u012bvinot sen apspiestus notikumus, atsaucot tos apzi\u0146\u0101, \u013caujot apskat\u012bt to dzi\u013c\u0101ko noz\u012bmi, redz\u0113t no malas, apzin\u0101t emocijas, kuras taj\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b tiku\u0161as apspiestas. \u0160os notikumus indiv\u012bdam pal\u012bdz dziedin\u0101t un piedz\u012bvot jaun\u0101 sev nepiecie\u0161am\u0101 veid\u0101 un izn\u0101kum\u0101, caur darb\u012bbu atkl\u0101jot savu dv\u0113seles paties\u012bbu.<\/p>

Psihodr\u0101mai ir noz\u012bm\u012bga teor\u0113tisk\u0101 un tehnisk\u0101 b\u0101ze. Psihodr\u0101ma ir atv\u0113rta, un taj\u0101 iesp\u0113jams integr\u0113t citas tehnikas un citus psihoterapijas veidus. T\u0101 balst\u0101s uz vair\u0101k\u0101m teorij\u0101m, tostarp darb\u012bbas teoriju (Moreno, 1969), lomu teoriju (Moreno, 1946) un spontanit\u0101tes (\/sp\u0252n\u02c8te\u026an\u026a\u0259s\/, spontaneous<\/em> – br\u012bv\u0101 griba) – rado\u0161uma teoriju (Moreno, 1946), Tele teoriju (Moreno, 1947), \u00a0kop\u0101 veidojot ori\u0123in\u0101lu konceptu\u0101lu kopu. Psihodr\u0101ma ir radusies sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101 laika posm\u0101 (pag\u0101ju\u0161\u0101 gadsimta 20. gadi), un t\u0101s formul\u0113\u0161anai nepast\u0101v\u0113ja atskaites punkts, pret ko sal\u012bdzin\u0101t veiktos nov\u0113rojumus.<\/p>

Psihodr\u0101m\u0101 grupas vad\u012bt\u0101js tiek saukts par re\u017eisoru, un tas aicina klientu (protogonistu<\/em>) uz to, ka terapijas laik\u0101 ir iesp\u0113jams viss, gan vec\u0101 notikuma izdz\u012bvo\u0161ana cit\u0101 veid\u0101, gan n\u0101kotnes model\u0113\u0161ana, gan tren\u0113t alternat\u012bvu uzved\u012bbu (surplus<\/em> realit\u0101te). Terapeitiskais darbs \u013cauj mazin\u0101t psihoemocion\u0101lu spriedzi, sa\u0146emt atbalstu, veidot Meta poz\u012bciju, kad redzot notikumus no malas un \u013caut psih\u0113 notikt dabiskajiem psihes, t. sk. emocion\u0101l\u0101 Es dziedin\u0101\u0161anas procesiem. Psihodr\u0101mas vad\u012bt\u0101js stimul\u0113 klientu rea\u0123\u0113t un darboties rado\u0161i, spont\u0101ni, kreat\u012bvi un atbilsto\u0161i realit\u0101tei nobriedu\u0161\u0101 veid\u0101. Psihodr\u0101mas pamatideja ir, ka, aktiviz\u0113jot savu spontanit\u0101ti[2]<\/a> un kreativit\u0101ti[3]<\/a>, ikviens var piedz\u012bvot, interpret\u0113t un att\u012bst\u012bt savas pat\u012bbas (par pat\u012bbu las\u012bt xxx. lpp) \u0161\u0137autnes un autentiskos aspektus (Oliphant, 2019).\u00a0<\/p>

J.L. Moreno redz\u0113jums par Dievu sak\u0146ojas reli\u0123ij\u0101, lai gan vi\u0146\u0161 auga stingr\u0101 kato\u013ctic\u012bb\u0101 un j\u016bdaism\u0101, tas nav saist\u012bts ar k\u0101du konkr\u0113tu reli\u0123isku konfesiju vai reli\u0123iju. t\u0101d\u0113\u013c psihodr\u0101ma ir dzi\u013ca gar\u012bg\u0101 pieredze, ko katrs indiv\u012bds var pieredz\u0113t, izrietot no savas p\u0101rliec\u012bbas par Dievu un pieder\u012bbu k\u0101dai konkr\u0113tai reli\u0123ijai (Nolte, 2014).<\/span><\/p>

  1. Psihodr\u0101mas dzi\u013c\u0101s saknes reli\u0123ij\u0101
    <\/strong>\u00a01.1.<\/strong>J.<\/strong>L.<\/strong> Moreno filozofija, radot psihodr\u0101mu<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>

    Psihodr\u0101mas terapijas veidot\u0101js J\u0113kabs Levijs Moreno (Jakob Levy Moreno<\/em>, 1889-1974) dzimis \u00a0ebreju \u0123imen\u0113. Vi\u0146am bija tuvas attiec\u012bbas ar savu m\u0101ti Paul\u012bnu, kura d\u0113lu audzin\u0101ja Kato\u013cu tic\u012bb\u0101, savuk\u0101rt t\u0113vs audzin\u0101ja d\u0113lu j\u016bdaism\u0101. Tas, protams, ietekm\u0113ja J.L. Moreno pasaules redz\u0113jumu. Psihodr\u0101m\u0101 atkl\u0101j\u0101s J.L. Moreno atv\u0113rtais raksturs, kur satiekas visas reli\u0123ijas, un kur katrs pats var izv\u0113l\u0113ties savu gar\u012bgo sist\u0113mu, p\u0113c k\u0101 vad\u012bties. Lai gan J.L. Moreno sevi att\u012bst\u012bja zin\u0101tnes un medic\u012bnas jom\u0101, tom\u0113r tam vienm\u0113r paral\u0113li bija gar\u012bgums, bez kura vi\u0146a racion\u0101lai pusei neb\u016btu iesp\u0113jams past\u0101v\u0113t. Vi\u0146\u0161 raksturoja Dievu k\u0101 rado\u0161u, m\u012blo\u0161u un zin\u0101tnisku. T\u0101 k\u0101 J.L. Moreno ietekm\u0113j\u0101s no A. Ein\u0161teina uzskatiem par visuma uzb\u016bvi, kur\u0101 Dievam ir liela loma, tad ar\u012b sav\u0101 zin\u0101tniskaj\u0101 filozofij\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 iek\u013c\u0101va konceptu par Dieva apzi\u0146u (Blatner, 2000, Nolte, 2014).<\/p>

    J.L. Moreno apgalvoja, ka cilv\u0113ki ir ne tikai biolo\u0123iskas, psiholo\u0123iskas un soci\u0101las b\u016btnes, bet ar\u012b kosmiskas b\u016btnes (Giacomucci<\/em>, 2021). Past\u0101vot zin\u0101tniskai un gar\u012bgai pusei vienlaic\u012bgi, rodas psihodr\u0101ma, kura att\u012bst\u0101s joproj\u0101m l\u012bdz m\u016bsdien\u0101m. Pie pirm\u0101 gar\u012bguma impulsa psihodr\u0101m\u0101, J. L. Moreno non\u0101ca jau piecu gadu vecum\u0101, kad rota\u013c\u0101joties m\u0101jas pagalm\u0101, kop\u0101 ar p\u0101r\u0113jiem b\u0113rniem, vi\u0146i nol\u0113ma sp\u0113l\u0113t e\u0146\u0123e\u013cus. T\u0101 k\u0101 bija e\u0146\u0123e\u013ci, tad rad\u0101s nepiecie\u0161am\u012bba ar\u012b p\u0113c Dieva. T\u0101 k\u0101 visi b\u0113rni bija e\u0146\u0123e\u013ci, tad k\u0101dam bija j\u0101k\u013c\u016bst par Dievu un to dar\u012bja pats, J.L. Moreno. \u0160o b\u0113rn\u012bbas notikumu vi\u0146\u0161 atceras k\u0101 s\u0101kumu vi\u0146a filozofijai, kad Dieva t\u0113ls non\u0101k starp cilv\u0113kiem un jebkur\u0161, var main\u012bt lomu, un k\u013c\u016bt par transcendent\u0101lu b\u016btni (Oliphant, 2019).<\/p>

    At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no daudziem sava laika filozofiem J.L. Moreno nedal\u012bja ne tikai reli\u0123iozit\u0101ti p\u0113c konfesij\u0101m, bet ar\u012b inform\u0101cijas jomas, pie kur\u0101m tika str\u0101d\u0101ts, apgalvojot, ka past\u0101v vienpr\u0101t\u012bba starp sociolo\u0123iju, psiholo\u0123iju, psihiatriju, teolo\u0123iju un filozofiju (Jakovina, 2017). L\u012bdz\u012bgi psihodr\u0101m\u0101, vi\u0146\u0161 str\u0101d\u0101ja ar\u012b ar da\u017e\u0101diem soci\u0101lajiem sl\u0101\u0146iem un izgl\u012bt\u012bbas l\u012bme\u0146iem, dodoties gan uz skol\u0101m, cietumiem, k\u0101 ar\u012b vadot psihodr\u0101mas sesijas prostit\u016bt\u0101m. \u0160\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c J.L. Moreno guva lielu piekri\u0161anu ne tikai psihiatrijas jom\u0101, bet ar\u012b no eksistenci\u0101l\u0101s filozofijas un psiholo\u0123ijas jom\u0101m, k\u0101 ar\u012b gar\u012bguma un teolo\u0123ijas jom\u0101s (Howie, 2012).<\/p>

    Psihodr\u0101mas filozofiskais pamats ir gar\u012bgums, kas nav saist\u012bta ar konkr\u0113tu reli\u0123isku doktr\u012bnu vai konfesiju. Psihodr\u0101ma ir balst\u012bta uz zin\u0101tnisku pieeju, apvienojot da\u017e\u0101das zin\u0101tnes jomas. T\u0101 var b\u016bt lietder\u012bga indiv\u012bdiem ar da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m tic\u012bb\u0101m un reli\u0123iskaj\u0101m p\u0101rliec\u012bb\u0101m, un t\u0101 var pal\u012bdz\u0113t indiv\u012bdiem apzin\u0101ties un izprast savas gar\u012bg\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbas, neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, k\u0101da ir vi\u0146u reli\u0123isk\u0101 p\u0101rliec\u012bba, soci\u0101lais sl\u0101nis un\/vai att\u012bst\u012bbas l\u012bmenis (Oliphant, 2019).<\/p>

    1.2. Cilv\u0113ks ir Dievs un \u201ck\u0101 Dievs\u201d J. L. Moreno filozofij\u0101<\/strong><\/p>

    S\u0101kotn\u0113ji J.L. Moreno piev\u0113rs\u0101s aksiodr\u0101mai (grie\u0137u val. \/\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\/ v\u0113rt\u012bbas, kas tiek uzskat\u012btas par cien\u012bg\u0101m)<\/a>, kur nodarboj\u0101s ar reli\u0123iskaj\u0101m, kult\u016bras un \u0113tikas v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m, p\u0113tot, k\u0101 cilv\u0113ks sp\u0113j piedz\u012bvot un atkl\u0101t savas v\u0113rt\u012bbas, s\u0101ka izmantot psihodr\u0101mas darb\u012bbas metodes. J.L. Moreno p\u0101rejot jau uz psihoemocion\u0101lo un fizisko l\u012bmeni, k\u0101 n\u0101kamo rad\u012bja pa\u0161u psihodr\u0101mu \u00a0(Nolte, 2014).<\/p>

    J.L. Moreno teorij\u0101 Dievs ir spontanit\u0101te un rado\u0161ums, kas ir izplat\u012bti vis\u0101 Visum\u0101. Visi indiv\u012bdi ir sp\u0113j\u012bgi piek\u013c\u016bt spontanit\u0101tei un b\u016bt rado\u0161i vis\u0101, ko vi\u0146i dara. Cilv\u0113ks ir gan Dievs, gan \u201cK\u0101 Dievs\u201d (Godlike<\/em>), Dievam l\u012bdz\u012bgais, no Dieva vai tam ir Dieva daba (Godhead<\/em>), J.L. Moreno aprakst\u012bjis sav\u0101 darb\u0101 \u201eT\u0113va v\u0101rdi\u201d. \u0160aj\u0101 darb\u0101 J.L. Moreno uzdod jaut\u0101jumu: \u201ck\u0101 gan viena lieta sp\u0113j rad\u012bt citu, otrajai neradot pirmo? K\u0101 gan t\u0113vs var rad\u012bt d\u0113lu, d\u0113lam neradot t\u0113vu? Bez t\u0113va nav d\u0113la un bez d\u0113la nav ar\u012b t\u0113va\u201d. Tikai tad, kad ir radusies d\u0113la loma, v\u012brietis piedz\u012bvo ar\u012b t\u0113va lomu (Johnson, 1972, Nolte, 2014, Giacomucci, 2021). Pret\u0113ji vecajai der\u012bbai, kur Dievs rada cilv\u0113ku p\u0113c sava \u0123\u012bmja un l\u012bdz\u012bbas, J.L. Moreno apgalvo, ka Cilv\u0113ks ir rad\u012bjis Dievu, p\u0113c l\u012bdz\u012bbas ar sevi:<\/p>

    \u201cT\u0101pat k\u0101 beigas rada s\u0101kumu.<\/p>

    Es rad\u012bju pasauli, t\u0101tad \u2013 rad\u012bju sevi.
    Es esmu rad\u012bt\u0101js,
    Es esmu, lai rad\u012btu Vien\u012bgi Tevi.
    Es esmu bez v\u0101rda,
    Esmu, lai b\u016btu,
    Es biju bez v\u0101rda,
    L\u012bdz Tu uzrun\u0101ji mani\u201d (Johnson, 1972, Moreno, 1971).<\/p>

    J.L. Moreno uzskata, ka m\u0113s visi \u0161aj\u0101 pasaul\u0113 esam Dievi un rad\u012bt\u0101ji, t\u0101dej\u0101di dodot mums lielu br\u012bv\u012bbu, un reiz\u0113 ar\u012b milz\u012bgu atbild\u012bbu pa\u0161am par savu dz\u012bvi (Moreno, J.L. 1945, Nolte, 2014).).<\/p>

    J.L. Moreno 1927. gad\u0101 uzst\u0101j\u0101s ar runu Starptautiskaj\u0101 Psihodr\u0101mas konferenc\u0113[4]<\/a> ar v\u0101rdiem: \u201cR\u012bkojies t\u0101, k\u0101 v\u0113l nekad neesi r\u012bkojies, lai Tu b\u016btu par to, kas Tu var\u0113tu b\u016bt. K\u013c\u016bsti par savu iedvesmu, par savu autoru, izpild\u012bt\u0101ju, person\u012bgo terapeitu un, visbeidzot, par savu Rad\u012bt\u0101ju\u201d.<\/p>

    Rakstot savu darbu \u201cT\u0113va v\u0101rdi\u201d, vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b apraksta, k\u0101 \u0161is darbs, piedz\u012bvojot izmain\u012btu apzi\u0146as st\u0101vokli ir radies. Katru rindu J.L. Moreno rakst\u012bjis no \u201cEs\u201d nevis Tu formas, t\u0101dej\u0101di izj\u016btot, ka caur vi\u0146u iet Dieva v\u0101rdi. \u201cEs esmu t\u0113vs, Es esmu T\u0113vs d\u0113lam, T\u0113vs savai m\u0101tei un savam t\u0113vam, Esmu\u201d, es esmu rad\u012bt\u0101js. Esmu T\u0113vs debes\u012bm virs Tavas galvas un zemei, zem Tav\u0101m k\u0101j\u0101m\u201d. \u0160o darbu rakstot, J.L. Moreno daudz dom\u0101 par to, kas ir tas Es un Tu, un ka nav t\u0101ds Dievs tur aug\u0161\u0101, jo vi\u0146\u0161 ir \u0161eit lej\u0101 pie mums (Johnson, 1972).<\/p>

    Dievs izpau\u017eas cilv\u0113k\u0101 caur spontantit\u0101ti, un cilv\u0113ks k\u013c\u016bst Dievam l\u012bdz\u012bgs, kad tam ir spontanit\u0101te. T\u0101 ir indiv\u012bda adekv\u0101ta reakcija uz jaunu situ\u0101ciju un jauna adekv\u0101ta reakcija uz vecu situ\u0101ciju (Moreno<\/em>, 1964<\/a>).<\/p>

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

    1. K\u0101 psihodr\u0101m\u0101 tiek atkl\u0101ts gar\u012bgums<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>

      2.1. Spontanit\u0101te ir Dieva izpausme caur cilv\u0113ku<\/strong><\/p>

      P\u0113c J.L. Moreno dom\u0101m spontanit\u0101te ir ar\u012b t\u0101, kas par\u0101da, ka Dievs ir starp mums. Vi\u0146\u0161 lasot B\u012bbeles tekstus par pasaules ra\u0161anos, apdom\u0101jot par to, ka Dievs rad\u012bja pasauli se\u0161\u0101s dien\u0101s, bet sept\u012btaj\u0101 dien\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 nedev\u0101s atp\u016bsties. Sept\u012btaj\u0101 dien\u0101 Dievs apl\u016bkojot to, ko bija rad\u012bjis, redz\u0113ja, ka visi ir vien\u0101di, t\u0101p\u0113c \u0161aj\u0101 dien\u0101 Dievs iedeva katram cilv\u0113kiem spontanit\u0101ti un br\u012bvo gribu. Br\u012bv\u0101 griba tika dota, lai var\u0113tu main\u012bt piln\u012bgi visu, kas neapmierina, no jau iepriek\u0161 rad\u012bt\u0101, un t\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 cilv\u0113ks k\u013c\u016bst \u201cK\u0101 Dievs\u201d, jo var ar\u012b pats tagad rad\u012bt. Dievs rada cilv\u0113ku un iedod vi\u0146am rad\u012b\u0161anas sp\u0113jas, lai tas k\u013c\u016btu Dievam l\u012bdz\u012bgs. Ja reli\u0123ij\u0101, cilv\u0113ks v\u0113r\u0161as pie Dieva un jaut\u0101, k\u0101p\u0113c Dievs ir rad\u012bjis vi\u0146am cie\u0161anas, tad psihodr\u0101m\u0101, k\u0101 reli\u0123isk\u0101 filozofij\u0101 balst\u012btai psihoterapijai, Dievs ir starp mums, un t\u0101p\u0113c atbild\u012bba par notieko\u0161o ar\u012b ir starp mums, satiekoties un esot attiec\u012bb\u0101s. Patiesa satik\u0161an\u0101s ir tie\u0161a tik\u0161an\u0101s ar Dievu \u2013 attiec\u012bbas vienam ar otru ir tik\u0161an\u0101s ar Dievu. L\u012bdz ar to \u00a0rodas vien\u0101dojums 1+1=3, kur, starp diviem indiv\u012bdiem tik\u0161an\u0101s laik\u0101, ien\u0101k Dievs, un attiec\u012bb\u0101s, vienam ar otru l\u012bdzdarbojoties, ieg\u016bst abi (Giacomucci<\/em>, 2021).<\/p>

      \"\"<\/p>

      1.att\u0113ls. Psihodr\u0101mas simbols.<\/p>

      Psihodr\u0101mas simbols, simboliz\u0113 satik\u0161anos starp diviem cilv\u0113kiem un Dievu, ir viena l\u012bnija kop\u0101 ar otru l\u012bniju, izveidojot tre\u0161o, kas ir Dieva telpa katr\u0101 paties\u0101 satik\u0161an\u0101s reiz\u0113, kas k\u013c\u016bst liel\u0101ka par pa\u0161iem, kad tie satiekas (Giacomucci<\/em>, 2021).<\/p>

      Dievs ir cilv\u0113ks, un mainot savu iek\u0161\u0113jo pasauli, main\u0101s apk\u0101rt\u0113jie. Lai gan m\u0113s nevaram main\u012bt citu cilv\u0113ku, m\u0113s varam main\u012bt sevi un savas lomas, un tad otrs nevar palikt nemain\u012bgs, ja atrodas vien\u0101 un taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101. T\u0101tad, jo vair\u0101k m\u0113s varam att\u012bst\u012bt pla\u0161u lomu repertu\u0101ru, jo vair\u0101k mums ir iesp\u0113ja p\u0101rvald\u012bt sevi un savu vidi. Esot savstarp\u0113j\u0101s pozit\u012bv\u0101s attiec\u012bb\u0101s, caur \u0161\u012bm attiec\u012bb\u0101m un pieredzi, m\u0113s varam k\u013c\u016bt par to, kas esam. Dievs ir cilv\u0113ks, jo rada apk\u0101rt\u0113jo pasauli. Un kad \u0161\u012b paties\u0101 tik\u0161an\u0101s ir notikusi, tad ir br\u012bdis, kad Tele[5]<\/a> var notikt (Moreno, 1946).<\/p>

      2.2 Tele, k\u0101 Dieva sazi\u0146as l\u012bdzeklis vienam ar otru<\/strong><\/p>

      Tele (\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b5 \u2013 t\u00eale, t\u0101le, sazi\u0146a caur att\u0101lumu) \u00a0notiek, kad Dievs ien\u0101k attiec\u012bb\u0101s, un kad Dievs ir kaut kas vair\u0101k par v\u0101rdiem, tas ir tas, kad viens otru j\u016btam un veidojas savieno\u0161an\u0101s un ja esam patiesi, atkl\u0101ti un uztveram otru bez stereotipiem, p\u0101rnes\u0113m un il\u016bzij\u0101m (Moreno<\/em>, 1954).<\/p>

      P\u0113c J.L. Moreno dom\u0101m Tele ir faktors, kur\u0161 ietekm\u0113 soci\u0101lo konfigur\u0101ciju nejau\u0161\u012bbu l\u012bmen\u012b. T\u0101 ir k\u0101 abpus\u0113j\u0101 patiesa sazi\u0146a, bez v\u0101rdiem vienam otru patiesi j\u016btot. Emp\u0101tija ir neat\u0146emama Tele da\u013ca, k\u0101 otra cilv\u0113ka vai situ\u0101cijas ju\u0161ana, sp\u0113ja tie\u0161i uztvert otra domas un otra r\u012bc\u012bbas mot\u012bvus. Tele dod sp\u0113ju ar \u012bpa\u0161u iek\u0161\u0113jo atkl\u0101smju (insaita<\/em>) pal\u012bdz\u012bbu saprast citu cilv\u0113ku, sp\u0113ju tie\u0161i uztvert citu un just vi\u0146u. T\u0101 izpau\u017eas k\u0101 moment\u0101na neverb\u0101la saskarsme, neapzin\u0101ta savstarp\u0113ja pievilk\u0161an\u0101s (piem\u0113ram, kad psihodr\u0101mas sesij\u0101 protagonists izv\u0113las v\u012brieti sava t\u0113va lomai, bet konkr\u0113t\u0101 persona jau iepriek\u0161 \u201czina\u201d, ka izv\u0113l\u0113sies tie\u0161i vi\u0146u. Tele ir svar\u012bgs grupas darba faktors, jo tas pal\u012bdz cilv\u0113kiem saprast savu intu\u012bciju, j\u016btas un at\u0161\u0137irt, un ieraudz\u012bt savas p\u0101rneses dinamiku (Moreno<\/em>, 1954).<\/p>

      Tele ir patst\u0101v\u012bgi notieko\u0161s process starp indiv\u012bdiem, kad viens no otra uztver otras personas saj\u016btu reakcijas, t\u0101 ir l\u012bdz\u012bga k\u0101 emp\u0101tija, tom\u0113r dzi\u013c\u0101ka pret otra cilv\u0113ka iek\u0161\u0113jo pasauli. Past\u0101v\u012bga un vesel\u012bga ir divvirzienu tele, kas iek\u013cauj sev\u012b emp\u0101tiju, \u00a0siltumu, atbalstu, uzman\u012bbu, sapra\u0161anu un pie\u0146em\u0161anu (Moreno<\/em>, 1954).<\/p>

      Tele darbojas, kad indiv\u012bd\u0101 ir m\u012blest\u012bbas aspekts un kad indiv\u012bds no visas sirds v\u0113l otram labu. Tele ir tad, kad grup\u0101 lietas notiek bez v\u0101rdiem, visi j\u016bt, bet nesp\u0113j paskaidrot, kas tas ir, kad grup\u0101 ir j\u016btama sp\u0113c\u012bga ener\u0123ija. Run\u0101jot par konkr\u0113tu t\u0113mu grup\u0101, t\u0101s dal\u012bbniekus p\u0101r\u0146em k\u0101da konkr\u0113ta saj\u016bta, vai tie\u0161i otr\u0101di, nerun\u0101jot par k\u0101du t\u0113mu, to noklus\u0113jot vai no t\u0101s izvairoties, visi j\u016bt, ka kaut kas tiek noklus\u0113ts. Ener\u0123ija, ko nevar izskaidrot, fiziskas saj\u016btas, kas notiek neatkar\u012bgi no apst\u0101k\u013ciem \u2013 piem\u0113ram, run\u0101jot par n\u0101vi, visiem k\u013c\u016bst aukstas k\u0101jas (Moreno<\/em>, 1969).<\/p>

      P\u0101rnese ir izkrop\u013cota Tele forma, patolo\u0123iska \u201csalauzta\u201d Tele, kad notieko\u0161ais tiek interpret\u0113ts nepareizi, kad vienam dal\u012bbniekam liekas re\u0101ls, bet tas, kas paties\u012bb\u0101 neeksist\u0113 vai nav. Dal\u012bbnieks var pie\u0146emt k\u0101du domu par citu cilv\u0113ku, piem\u0113ram, j\u016btot, lielu savstarp\u0113ju saikni, vai, ka otru labi saprot, bet otrs, savuk\u0101rt, var t\u0101 nejusties un t\u0101 var b\u016bt nepaties\u012bba (Moreno<\/em>, 1954).<\/p>

      \u0160eit, l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 Dievs no debes\u012bm non\u0101k pie cilv\u0113ka, Lucifers no elles, atn\u0101k uz zemes\u00a0 ar patolo\u0123iskas Teles pal\u012bdz\u012bbu. Lucifers bija tik skaists, ka sp\u0113j savaldzin\u0101t ikvienu, l\u012bdz\u012bgi ar\u012b salauzt\u0101 Tele ir Lucifera elle uz zemes virsas, kad cilv\u0113ks pats savaldzin\u0101s sav\u0101 taisn\u012bb\u0101 un savos maldos. Patolo\u0123iska Tele ir t\u0101, kas\u00a0 balst\u0101s uz maldiem, ir nep\u0101rbaud\u012bta. T\u0101p\u0113c vien\u012bgais veids k\u0101 uzlabot Teli ir p\u0101rbaud\u012bt, jaut\u0101t, komunic\u0113t:\u00a0 \u201ces j\u016btos par Tevi t\u0101, vai ar\u012b Tu t\u0101 j\u016bties par sevi?\u201d (Moreno<\/em>, 1954).<\/p>

      Lomu mai\u0146as pielieto\u0161ana psihoterapij\u0101, \u013cauj tren\u0113t sp\u0113ju izprast un redz\u0113t vienam otra perspekt\u012bvu, sajust un identific\u0113ties ar otra cilv\u0113ka skat\u012bjuma prizmu. T\u0101 \u013cauj pa\u0161am sevi redz\u0113t cita ac\u012bm, vai no malas (Davis<\/em>, 2017). T\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 lomu mai\u0146a pal\u012bdz izkopt emp\u0101tijas sp\u0113jas un \u201csalabot\u201d patolo\u0123isko Tele.<\/p>

      2.3. Gar\u012bguma dimensija psihodr\u0101m\u0101<\/strong><\/p>

      Cilv\u0113ka dievi\u0161\u0137ais st\u0101voklis ir spontanit\u0101te, kad t\u0101 ar kreativit\u0101tes pal\u012bdz\u012bbu rada un veido kaut ko jaunu. Ta\u010du spontanit\u0101te k\u013c\u016bst par sp\u0113ju rad\u012bt tikai tad, kad Dievs ir kl\u0101teso\u0161os (Moreno<\/em>, 1953). Jo cilv\u0113ks ir spont\u0101n\u0101ks, jo kreat\u012bv\u0101ks vi\u0146\u0161 ir. T\u0101 var b\u016bt jauna, adekv\u0101ta reakcija ierast\u0101 vai negaid\u012bt\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101, tas varb\u016bt cits r\u012bc\u012bbas veids, k\u0101 ar\u012b situ\u0101cija, kad tiek rad\u012bts kaut kas jauns. Cilv\u0113ks piedzimts spont\u0101ns, vi\u0146a pirmais un liel\u0101kais spontanit\u0101tes akts ir vi\u0146a piedzim\u0161ana \u2013 neviens nenoteiks, kad b\u0113rns v\u0113l\u0113sies piedzimt, vi\u0146\u0161 dzim\u0161anas laiku izv\u0113las pats, k\u0101 ar\u012b katras dzemd\u012bbas ir unik\u0101las un at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas. B\u0113rni ir spont\u0101ni, bet k\u013c\u016bstot vec\u0101kiem, vi\u0146u spontanit\u0101te, l\u012bdz ar to ar\u012b dievi\u0161\u0137ums, samazin\u0101s. Psihodr\u0101mas m\u0113r\u0137is ir mazin\u0101t trauksmi, kas mazina kreativit\u0101ti, un atmodin\u0101t cilv\u0113k\u0101 spontanit\u0101ti, lai vi\u0146\u0161 b\u016btu kreat\u012bvs un rado\u0161s. Iesild\u012b\u0161an\u0101s process, kas notiek psihodr\u0101m\u0101 pirms t\u0113mas atkl\u0101\u0161anas darb\u012bb\u0101, atmodina \u0161o spontanit\u0101ti. T\u0101 var b\u016bt fiziska iesild\u012b\u0161an\u0101s, run\u0101\u0161ana par \u0161o t\u0113mu, izt\u0113les vingrin\u0101jumi un emocion\u0101la iesild\u012b\u0161an\u0101s, kas gatavo cilv\u0113ku t\u0113mas izstr\u0101dei (Giacomucci<\/em>, 2021, Clayton, L,<\/em> 1977).<\/p>

      Indiv\u012bdam non\u0101kot \u0161aj\u0101 dievi\u0161\u0137aj\u0101 spontanit\u0101tes st\u0101vokl\u012b, vi\u0146\u0161 tiek vests pie rad\u012b\u0161anas akta \u2013tiek rad\u012bti jauni darbi, psihodr\u0101mas terapij\u0101, tiek izrea\u0123\u0113ta situ\u0101cija un rad\u012bti jauni r\u012bc\u012bbas paterni. \u0160is process, kas ir rad\u012b\u0161anas akts materi\u0101l\u0101 un nemateri\u0101laj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113, m\u016bs piel\u012bdzina Dievam. Procesa rezult\u0101t\u0101 rodas jauni darbi, teorijas, situ\u0101cijas, citi procesi un produkti. Dievs rada caur cilv\u0113ku (Moreno<\/em>, 2019<\/a>).<\/p>

      J.L. Moreno pieeja diev\u012bbai un garam ir saist\u012bta ar do\u0161anos pasaul\u0113, kas nep\u0101rtraukti ir tap\u0161anas st\u0101vokl\u012b. \u013baujoties spontanit\u0101tei, kas rodas tagadnes br\u012bd\u012b, cilv\u0113ks k\u013c\u016bst Dievs, un reiz\u0113 ar\u012b spontanit\u0101te ir Dieva dz\u012bvais gars: \u201cDievs ir B\u016btne, kas sp\u0113j izsaukt spontanit\u0101tes maksimumu, un Vi\u0146\u0161 ir B\u016btne, kuras spontanit\u0101te ir k\u013cuvusi par visu rado\u0161umu.\u201d J.L. Moreno filozofij\u0101 ir divi Dievi, spontanit\u0101te un spont\u0101nais Dievs, kur\u0161 sp\u0113j izsaukt visliel\u0101ko spontanit\u0101ti. \u0160is Dievs ir nosl\u0113pums, kas v\u0113l j\u0101atrisina, dimensija, kur\u0101, p\u0113c vi\u0146a dom\u0101m, past\u0101v gar\u012bg\u0101 pasaule ar dieviem uz da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m plan\u0113t\u0101m, un kosmoss, kur\u0101 dz\u012bvo da\u017e\u0101das b\u016btnes. Un rad\u012bt\u0101js ir kl\u0101teso\u0161s visur un nav atdal\u0101ms no katras darb\u012bbas, domas un j\u016btas (Moreno<\/em>, 1953, Giacomucci<\/em>, 2021).<\/p>

      Kad indiv\u012bds ir pilns ar dusm\u0101m, tad tam ir \u013coti gr\u016bti b\u016bt kontakt\u0101 ar savu gar\u012bgumu, tad nej\u016bt Dieva kl\u0101tb\u016btni, tom\u0113r tas ir mums l\u012bdz\u0101s. \u0160is ir viens no iemesliem, k\u0101p\u0113c j\u0101str\u0101d\u0101 ar sav\u0101m dusm\u0101m, j\u0101atbr\u012bvo t\u0101s, un tad var veidot kontaktu ar augst\u0101ko sp\u0113ku. J.L. Moreno sav\u0101 tic\u012bb\u0101 bija br\u012bvs. Ar\u012b turpm\u0101kie psihodr\u0101mas gar\u012bg\u0101s pieejas att\u012bst\u012bt\u0101jas k\u0101 K. Millere ( Connie Miller<\/em>), K. Hudgins, \u00a0(Kate <\/em>Hudgins<\/em>),<\/em> N. Wintere (Natalie Winter<\/em>) \u00a0un S. Arona (Susan Aaron<\/em>) aicina izveidot savu person\u012bgo uzskatu sist\u0113mu attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz reli\u0123iozit\u0101ti un gar\u012bgumu. Gar\u012bgums m\u012bt sird\u012b un to nevar sajust, ja dusmas vai k\u0101das citas nepazin\u0101tas emocijas to aiz\u0113no (Giacomucci<\/em>, 2021).<\/p>

      2.4. Lomu teorijas un gar\u012bg\u0101s lomas<\/strong><\/p>

      Psihodr\u0101mas pamats ir J.L. Moreno person\u012bbas teorija, ko sauc par lomu teoriju[6]<\/a>. Lomas veido pat\u012bbu (self<\/em>)[7]<\/a> un pat\u012bba izpau\u017eas caur lom\u0101m, bet pati t\u0101s neveido, t.i. caur lom\u0101m var atkl\u0101t pat\u012bbu, bet pat\u012bba bez lom\u0101m nevar izpausties (2.att)\u00a0 (Moreno, 1946).<\/p>

      \"\"<\/p>

      1. att\u0113ls. Pat\u012bba un tr\u012bs lomu veidi (Moreno lomu teorija)<\/li><\/ol>

        J.L. Moreno lomu teorij\u0101 pamat\u0101 ir 3 veidu lomas: somatisk\u0101s, soci\u0101l\u0101s un psihodramatisk\u0101s (Moreno, 1946), un k\u0101 p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 ceturt\u0101 lomu kategorija n\u0101kusi kl\u0101t k\u0101 trascendet\u0101l\u0101s, jeb gar\u012bg\u0101s lomas (Clayton<\/em>,1975), kas tiek izcelta k\u0101 ceturt\u0101 lomu kategorija (Winters<\/em>, 2000).<\/p>

        J.L. Moreno lomu defin\u0113 k\u0101 funkcion\u0101lu formu, ko indiv\u012bds ieg\u016bst konkr\u0113taj\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b, kad rea\u0123\u0113 uz konkr\u0113tu situ\u0101ciju, kur\u0101 ir iesaist\u012btas citas personas vai objekti (F\u00fcrst, 2020). Pirmais lomu veids, kas veido pat\u012bbu ir somatisk\u0101s lomas, kuras izriet no \u0137erme\u0146a vajadz\u012bb\u0101m, fiziolo\u0123ijas un \u0137erme\u0146a funkcij\u0101m (\u0113d\u0101js, dz\u0113r\u0101js, g\u0101j\u0113js, gul\u0113t\u0101js), un t\u0101s ir kop\u012bgas visiem cilv\u0113kiem.<\/p>

        Otrais lomu veids ir soci\u0101l\u0101s lomas, ko cilv\u0113ks izdz\u012bvo dz\u012bves laik\u0101, mijiedarbojoties ar apk\u0101rt\u0113jiem. \u0160\u012bs lomas nosaka kult\u016bra un t\u0101s ir iem\u0101c\u012bt\u0101s \u0123imen\u0113. Katra loma ir individu\u0101la, jo t\u0101 satur pag\u0101tnes pieredzi. J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka kolekt\u012bv\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b t\u0101s ir kop\u012bgas (b\u0113rns, darbinieks, draugs, cietumnieks).<\/p>

        Tre\u0161ais lomu veids ir psihodramatsik\u0101s lomas vai psihisk\u0101s lomas. \u0160\u012b lomas ir t\u0101s, kuras katrs\u00a0 piedz\u012bvo individu\u0101laj\u0101 psihes l\u012bmen\u012b (j\u016bt\u012bgais, juku\u0161ais, gudrais, dusm\u012bgais), un ko cilv\u0113ks sp\u0113j iedom\u0101ties (Dievu, e\u0146\u0123e\u013ci, fejas). Re\u0101l\u0101s un nere\u0101l\u0101s psihodramatisk\u0101s lomas J.L. Moreno iek\u013c\u0101va pie gar\u012bgaj\u0101m (transcendent\u0101laj\u0101m) lom\u0101m. Dieva un gar\u012bguma dimensijas J.L. Moreno uzskat\u012bja k\u0101 psihisko lomu izpausmi. Ar gar\u012bgaj\u0101m lom\u0101m var\u0113ja tikties un sa\u0146emt no t\u0101m atbildes psihodr\u0101mas vai monodr\u0101mas laik\u0101. (Moreno<\/em>, 1946\/1961, Jakovina<\/em>, 2017).\u00a0\u00a0 Psihodramatisko lomu raksturs at\u013cauj protogonistam br\u012bv\u012bbu b\u016bt par Dievu, e\u0146\u0123eli, garu vai k\u0101du citu gar\u012bg\u0101s pasaules b\u016btni, tad, kad tas ir nepiecie\u0161amas. \u0160is lomu veids, kas balst\u0101s uz izt\u0113li un att\u012bst\u012bbu, psihodr\u0101mas terapijas laik\u0101, piedz\u012bvojot identific\u0113\u0161anos ar lomu, lomu mai\u0146u, dubulto\u0161anu un spogu\u013co\u0161anu, veicina indiv\u012bda gar\u012bgo izaugsmi un vi\u0146a iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s atkl\u0101smes. \u0160\u012bs lomas psihoterapijas un dz\u012bves laik\u0101 pal\u012bdz main\u012bties un gar\u012bgi augt, papla\u0161inot indiv\u012bda soci\u0101l\u0101s lomas, piem\u0113ram, iedvesmota rakstnieka, dzi\u013ca psihoterapeita, d\u0101sna pal\u012bga, apzin\u012bga darba dev\u0113ja lomas utt.. Tas darbojas ar\u012b individu\u0101l\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b, kad no t\u0101, kur\u0161 nesp\u0113j just notiek transform\u0101cija, uz to, kur\u0161 sp\u0113j piedz\u012bvot pilnu emociju gammu un izjust sp\u0113c\u012bgas j\u016btas, vai no t\u0101, kur\u0161 iestr\u0113dzis materi\u0101laj\u0101 pasaul\u0113, transform\u0113jas uz gar\u012bg\u0101 cilv\u0113ka lomu (Moreno<\/em>, 1946).<\/p>

        Jo bag\u0101t\u0101ka ir indiv\u012bda lomu kr\u0101tuve, jo bag\u0101t\u0101ka ir vi\u0146a person\u012bba un sp\u0113ja atrisin\u0101t da\u017e\u0101da veida situ\u0101cijas. Savuk\u0101rt, ja cilv\u0113kam ir maz\u0101k att\u012bst\u012btu lomu apjoms, tam iestr\u0113gstot k\u0101d\u0101 lom\u0101, veidojas patalo\u0123ija \u2013 piem\u0113ra, \u0113d\u0101ja loma ir katram, bet taj\u0101 iestr\u0113gstot, cilv\u0113ks sirgst ar \u0113\u0161anas trauc\u0113jumiem. K\u0101 ar\u012b, ir maz\u0101ka amplit\u016bda ar reakcijas veidiem un sp\u0113ju main\u012bties atbilsto\u0161i situ\u0101cijai, piem\u0113ram, darb\u0101 ir tikai pras\u012bg\u0101 priek\u0161nieka loma, bet var b\u016bt pla\u0161\u0101ks spektrs, k\u0101 atbalsto\u0161s, savu komandu uz m\u0113r\u0137i vado\u0161s, priek\u0161nieks (Moreno, 1946). Iek\u013caujot lomas person\u012bbas att\u012bst\u012bbas teoriju p\u0113t\u012bjumos, iesp\u0113jams p\u0113t\u012bt person\u012bbas izmai\u0146as un att\u012bst\u012bbu (F\u00fcrst, 2020).<\/p>

        2.4.1. Gar\u012bg\u0101s jeb Transcendent\u0101las lomas<\/em><\/strong><\/p>

        Cilv\u0113ka att\u012bst\u012bba sast\u0101v no vair\u0101kiem posmiem, kuros svar\u012bgu vietu ie\u0146em lomas. Indiv\u012bdam piedzimstot, s\u0101kotn\u0113ji ir izteiktas somatisk\u0101s lomas n\u0101kamaj\u0101 f\u0101z\u0113 b\u0113rna pat\u012bba s\u0101k atdal\u012bties no apr\u016bp\u0113t\u0101ja. Pieredzes un r\u012bc\u012bbas proces\u0101, dro\u0161\u012bbas saj\u016btas d\u0113\u013c, b\u0113rns eksperiment\u0113 ar psihisk\u0101m un soci\u0101laj\u0101m lom\u0101m, att\u012bst\u0101s eso\u0161\u0101s un rodas jaunas soci\u0101l\u0101s un psihisk\u0101s lomas. Tad b\u0113rns integr\u0113 radu\u0161os identit\u0101ti, veido savu pasaules uzskatu sist\u0113mu, m\u0101c\u0101s atpaz\u012bt un saprast sevi un citus. Visi tr\u012bs posmi att\u012bst\u0101s indiv\u012bd\u0101, vi\u0146a attiec\u012bbu rezult\u0101t\u0101 mijiedarbojoties ar citiem indiv\u012bdiem. \u0160aj\u0101 proces\u0101 notiek gar\u012bg\u0101 izaugsme no fiziskaj\u0101m lom\u0101m, ko att\u012bsta apbilsto\u0161i vecumam, uz \u00a0psihiskaj\u0101m lom\u0101m. Cilv\u0113kam pieaugot no t\u0101, ko var pieredz\u0113t ar ma\u0146\u0101m (materi\u0101l\u0101 pasaule), s\u0101k paral\u0113li rasties t\u0101 joma, ko var tikai iedom\u0101ties \u2013 psihodramatisk\u0101s lomas, kas ir pla\u0161\u0101kas un domin\u0113jo\u0161\u0101kas nek\u0101 soci\u0101l\u0101s lomu joma (Moreno, 1946). Dievs ir kaut kas t\u0101ds, ko neviens nav saticis realit\u0101te, bet pie\u0146em, kas tas past\u0101v.<\/p>

        J.L. Moreno aprakstot psihodramatisk\u0101s lomas, min t\u0101s, kas attiecas uz pa\u0161a psihi (j\u016bt\u012bgais, gudrais, redzo\u0161ais) un transcendent\u0101l\u0101s lomas, kas attiecas uz gar\u012bgaj\u0101m lom\u0101m (Dievs, en\u0123e\u013ci, augst\u0101kais sp\u0113ks). Transcendent\u0101l\u0101s, jeb gar\u012bg\u0101s lomas pieder tre\u0161ajai lomu kategorijai, bet v\u0113l\u0101k autori jau izce\u013c ceturto lomu kategoriju (3.att.) (Winter<\/em> 2000).<\/p>

        \"\"<\/p>

        \u00a0<\/p>

        3.att\u0113ls. Lomu veidi un to att\u012bst\u012bba dz\u012bves laik\u0101.<\/p>

        Nat\u0101lija Wintere\u00a0 (Natalie Winters<\/em>) 2000. gad\u0101 public\u0113 darbu, kur\u0101 min lomas, kuras saist\u0101s ar gar\u012bgumu: \u00a0<\/strong>izdom\u0101t\u0101js (The imaginer<\/em>), loma, kas pal\u012bdz izt\u0113loties. T\u0101 ir atsl\u0113ga uz kreativit\u0101ti, form\u0113jot ment\u0101los, sensorus un intuit\u012bvos att\u0113lus tam, kas \u0161obr\u012bd nav un v\u0113l nav pieredz\u0113ts. Medi\u0101tors (The Mediator<\/em>) tas, kur\u0161 sa\u0146em inform\u0101ciju no kosmosa un nodod to t\u0101l\u0101k citiem. Atcer\u0113t\u0101js (The rememberer<\/em>) tas, kur\u0161 atceras dabiskos \u0137erme\u0146a ciklus, b\u0113rn\u012bbas atmi\u0146as. Uztv\u0113r\u0113js (The receiver<\/em>) tas, kas pal\u012bdz uztvert to, ko Visums ir mums sag\u0101d\u0101jis. Dev\u0113js (The giver<\/em>) tas, kas dod no m\u012blest\u012bbas un v\u0113lmes dot. M\u0101kslinieks (The artist<\/em>) tas, kas str\u0101d\u0101 saska\u0146\u0101 ar savu augst\u0101ko es. \u010cenelists (The channeler<\/em>) kas \u013cauj izpausties t\u012bri bez projekcij\u0101m un p\u0101rneses. Tico\u0161ais (The beliver<\/em>) loma, kas tic un pie\u0146em gar\u012bguma dabu, patieso dabu, uztic\u012bbu un p\u0101rliec\u012bbu.\u00a0 L\u016bdz\u0113js (The Prayer<\/em>) loma, kas ir kontakt\u0101 ar sv\u0113to (Winters<\/em>, 2000).<\/p>

        Nobeigums<\/strong><\/p>

        J.L. Moreno gan Dievu ved pie cilv\u0113kiem, gan ar\u012b netic\u012bgos var vest pie Dieva, k\u0101 br\u012bva no konfesij\u0101m un reli\u0123ijas, jo tas neatrodas debes\u012bs un nav p\u0101r\u0101ks, bet gan tas ir \u0161eit tepat lej\u0101 starp mums, un ikvienam ir iesp\u0113ja caur spontanti\u0101ti un kreativit\u0101ti to izpaust.<\/p>

        Kaut ar\u012b J. L. Moreno redz\u0113jums par Dievu\u00a0 sak\u0146ojas reli\u0123ij\u0101, tas nav saist\u012bts ar k\u0101du reli\u0123isku konfesiju vai reli\u0123iju, jo pati psihodr\u0101ma ir dzi\u013ca gar\u012bg\u0101 pieredze, ko katrs indiv\u012bds var pieredz\u0113t, izejot no savas p\u0101rliec\u012bbas par Dievu un pieder\u012bbu k\u0101dai konkr\u0113tai reli\u0123ijai.<\/p>

        Psihodr\u0101ma ir balst\u012bta uz zin\u0101tnisku pieeju, apvienojot da\u017e\u0101das zin\u0101tnes jomas. T\u0101 var b\u016bt lietder\u012bga indiv\u012bdiem ar da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m tic\u012bb\u0101m un reli\u0123iskaj\u0101m p\u0101rliec\u012bb\u0101m, un t\u0101 var pal\u012bdz\u0113t indiv\u012bdiem apzin\u0101ties un izprast savas gar\u012bg\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbas, neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, k\u0101da ir vi\u0146u reli\u0123isk\u0101 p\u0101rliec\u012bba, soci\u0101lais sl\u0101nis un\/vai att\u012bst\u012bbas l\u012bmenis.<\/p>

        Cilv\u0113ks ir gan Dievs, gan Dievam l\u012bdz\u012bgais, kad tas izpau\u017e sevi spont\u0101n\u0101 un adekv\u0101t\u0101 r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101, radot jaunus r\u012bc\u012bbas paternus, jaunas lietas, domas un priek\u0161metus, tas k\u013c\u016bst t\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 par rad\u012bt\u0101ju.<\/p>

        Tele ir patst\u0101v\u012bgi notieko\u0161s process starp indiv\u012bdiem, kad viens no otra uztver otras personas saj\u016btu reakcijas, t\u0101 ir l\u012bdz\u012bga k\u0101 emp\u0101tija, tom\u0113r dzi\u013c\u0101ka pret otra cilv\u0113ka iek\u0161\u0113jo pasauli.<\/p>

        Psihodramatisk\u0101s lomas var sadal\u012bt divos virzienus, viens, kas attiecas uz pa\u0161a psihi (j\u016bt\u012bgais, gudrais, redzo\u0161ais), un otrs, ietver \u00a0transcendent\u0101l\u0101s lomas, kas attiecas uz gar\u012bgaj\u0101m lom\u0101m (Dievs, e\u0146\u0123e\u013ci, augst\u0101kais sp\u0113ks).<\/p>

        Transcendent\u0101l\u0101s lomas \u013cauj izpaust savu pat\u012bbu gar\u012bgaj\u0101 jom\u0101 un psihodr\u0101ma \u013cauj darboties da\u017e\u0101dos Meta l\u012bme\u0146os mainot lomas ar augst\u0101k\u0101m b\u016btn\u0113m, un \u013cauj pieredz\u0113t Dieva lomu sav\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113.<\/p>

        Psihodr\u0101ma ir k\u0101 ce\u013cojums, kuru indiv\u012bds veic kop\u0101 ar grupu un gida pavad\u012bb\u0101. \u0160\u012b ce\u013cojuma laik\u0101 ir iesp\u0113ja piedz\u012bvot patiesu satik\u0161anos ar sevi, sav\u0101m lom\u0101m, sap\u0146iem un at\u0161\u0137etin\u0101t il\u016bziju no \u201c\u0161eit un tagad\u201d, piedz\u012bvot patiesu satik\u0161anos ar citiem grupas dal\u012bbniekiem, t\u0101dej\u0101di apzinoties un atbr\u012bvojoties no sav\u0101m p\u0101rnes\u0113m un pilnveidot prasmi veidot patiesas attiec\u012bbas, t\u0101dej\u0101di, iesp\u0113jams salabojot vecos paternus vai tos piln\u012bb\u0101 aizst\u0101jot ar konstrukt\u012bviem risin\u0101jumiem. Psihodr\u0101mas ce\u013cojums vijas cauri fiziskai dimensijai, emocion\u0101lajai dimensijai, psihosoci\u0101lai dimensijai un gar\u012bgajai dimensijai. Piedz\u012bvojumi, p\u0101rdz\u012bvojumi un jaunatkl\u0101jumi ir garant\u0113ti katr\u0101 no dimensij\u0101m.<\/p>

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

        Terminu skaidrojums<\/strong><\/p>

        Aksiodr\u0101ma <\/strong>(Aksiodrama)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 psihodr\u0101mas veids, kur\u0101 uzman\u012bba ir piev\u0113rsta soci\u0101li \u0113tisku v\u0113rt\u012bbu izp\u0113tei.\u00a0 Aksiodr\u0101mas m\u0113r\u0137is \u2013 \u013caut cilv\u0113kam par\u0101d\u012bt savu patieso Es, nesl\u0113pjoties aiz mask\u0101m vai k\u0101das lomas. Aksiodr\u0101ma ir pirmais posms\u00a0Sociodr\u0101mas<\/em>\u00a0un\u00a0Psihodr\u0101mas<\/em>\u00a0att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>

        Kreativit\u0101te<\/strong> (Creativity) \u2013\u00a0 sp\u0113ja rad\u012bt kaut ko jaunu, neparastu, ori\u0123in\u0101lu,\u00a0 \u012bpa\u0161a rado\u0161\u0101s dom\u0101\u0161anas daudzveid\u012bba, augsti att\u012bst\u012bta izt\u0113le, atv\u0113rt\u012bba jaunai dz\u012bves pieredzei, neatkar\u012bba, elast\u012bba, dinamiskums, ori\u0123inalit\u0101te, person\u012bbas savdab\u012bgums, drosme u.c.,\u00a0 sp\u0113ja produkt\u012bvi darboties situ\u0101cij\u0101s ar augstu nenoteikt\u012bbas pak\u0101pi.<\/p>

        Insaits<\/strong> (Insight) \u2013 atsk\u0101rsme, atkl\u0101sme, p\u0113k\u0161\u0146a probl\u0113mas risin\u0101juma izpratne.\u00a0<\/p>

        Spontanit\u0101te <\/strong>(Spontaneity)\u00a0 – process vai notikums, bez \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s ietekmes, br\u012bvas gribas rezult\u0101t\u0101. Vesel\u012bga spontanit\u0101te ir adekv\u0101ta r\u012bc\u012bba, nevesel\u012bga spontant\u0101ti bie\u017e\u0101k redzama k\u0101 impulsivit\u0101te.<\/p>

        Surpusrealit\u0101te<\/strong> (Surplus reality) \u2013 virsrealit\u0101te, tehnika, ar kuras pal\u012bdz\u012bbu protogonits piedz\u012bvo k\u0101du notiku\u0161u notikumu jaun\u0101, neierast\u0101 veid\u0101, vai piedz\u012bvo n\u0101kotnes gaid\u0101mo notikumu sev v\u0113lam\u0101, adekv\u0101t\u0101 veid\u0101.<\/p>

        P\u0101rnese<\/strong> (Transmission) – p\u0101rnese jeb\u00a0transference – neapzin\u0101ta domu, uzved\u012bbas un attieksmju, kas piedz\u012bvotas pag\u0101tn\u0113, attiecin\u0101\u0161ana uz citiem cilv\u0113kiem tagadn\u0113.<\/p>

        Psihodramatiskas darb\u012bbasn <\/strong>(Psychodramatic Actions) \u00a0\u2013 <\/strong>psihodr\u0101mas terapijas laik\u0101 pielietojamas metodes k\u0101 lomu mai\u0146a, skats no malas, dal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s, iek\u0161\u0113jais monologs un da\u017e\u0101das darb\u012bbas, kur\u0101s iesaist\u012bs ir \u0137ermenis.<\/p>

        Protogonists <\/strong>(Protagonist) \u2013 psihodr\u0101mas terapijas sesijas galvenais grupas dal\u012bbnieks, caur kuru grupa skata k\u0101da procesu un tas risina savus iek\u0161\u0113jos konfliktus.<\/p>

        Tele<\/strong> (Tele)- sp\u0113ja ar \u012bpa\u0161a insaita pal\u012bdz\u012bbu saprast citu cilv\u0113ku, sp\u0113ju tie\u0161i uztvert citu un just vi\u0146u. T\u0101 izpau\u017eas k\u0101 moment\u0101na neverb\u0101la saskarsme.\u00a0<\/p>

        Transcendent\u0101ls <\/strong>(Transcendental) – t\u0101ds, kas eksist\u0113 \u0101rpus saj\u016btu, apzi\u0146as, pieredzes jomas, aiz gal\u012bg\u0101s, emp\u012brisk\u0101s pasaules robe\u017e\u0101m.<\/p>

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

        Izmantot\u0101 literat\u016bra<\/strong><\/p>

        Blatner, A. (2000). Foundations of Psychodrama: History, Theory, and Practice. New York. Springer.<\/p>

        Jakovina, I. \u017d & Jakovina, T. (2017). Role theory and role analysis in psychodrama: A contribution to sociology. Social Ecology: Journal for Environmental Thought and Sociological Research, 26(3). DOI 10.17234 \/SocEkol.26.3.5<\/p>

        Winters, N. (2000). The psychospiritual in psychodrama: A fourth role category. The International Journal of Action Methods, 52(4), 163-171<\/p>

        Miller, C. (2007). Psychodrama, spirituality and Souldrama. C. Baim, J. Burmeister, & M. Maciel (Ed.), Psychodrama: Advances in theory and practice. London: Routledge.<\/p>

        Miller, C. (2013). Integrating two models for the treatment of addictions: Souldrama and 12- step recovery in action. Journal Of Groups In Addiction & Recovery, 8(2), 81-111<\/p>

        Hudgins, M. K. (2002). Experiential treatment for PTSD The Therapeutic Spiral Model. New York: Springer.<\/p>

        Howie, P. C (2012). Philosophy of Life: J. L. Moreno\u2019s Revolutionary Philosophical Underpinnings of Psychodrama, and Group Psychotherapy.\u00a0 The Journal of the Eastern Group Psychotherapy Society, 36(2), 135-146.<\/p>

        Davis, J. L., & Love, T. P. (2017). Self-in-Self, Mind-in-Mind, Heart-in-Heart: The Future of Role-Taking, Perspective Taking, and Empathy. Advances in Group Processes, 34, 151\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/S0882-614520170000034007<\/a><\/p>

        Giacomucci, S. (2021). Social Work Philosophy Encounters Morenean Philosophy. In: Social Work, Sociometry, and Psychodrama. Psychodrama in Counselling, Coaching and Education, vol 1. Springer, Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-33-6342-7_4<\/a><\/p>

        Clayton, L. (1975). The personality theory of J. L. Moreno, Group Psychotherapy & Psychodrama, 28, 144-151.<\/p>

        Clayton L (1977). A rating-scale of role warm-up in psychodrama, Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama & Sociometry, 30, 18-36.<\/p>

        Moreno, J. L. (1945). Who shall survive: Foundations of sociometry, group psychotherapy and sociodrama. New York: Beacon House.<\/p>

        Moreno, J. L. (1946).\u00a0Psychodrama volume 1. Beacon, NY: Beacon House Press.<\/p>

        Moreno, J. L. (1947).\u00a0The theatre of spontaneity.\u00a0Beacon House.<\/p>

        Moreno, J. L. (1955). Preludes to my autobiography, New York: Beacon House.<\/p>

        Moreno, J. L. (1955). Theory of Spontaneity-Creativity. Sociometry, 18(4), 105\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2785848<\/a><\/p>

        Moreno, J. L. & Moreno, Z. T. (1969). Psychodrama third volume. New York: Beacon House.<\/p>

        MORENO J. L. (1961). The role concept, a bridge between psychiatry and sociology.\u00a0The American journal of psychiatry<\/em>,\u00a0118<\/em>, 518\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.118.6.518<\/a><\/p>

        Moreno, J. L. (1971). Words of the Father. New York: Beacon House<\/p>

        Moreno, J. L. (2019). In E. Schreiber, S. Kelley, & S. Giacomucci, (Eds.), The autobiography of a genius. United Kingdom: North West Psychodrama Association.<\/p>

        Johnson P. E. (1972). Healer of the mind;: A psychiatrist’s search for faith. The\u00a0Religion\u00a0of\u00a0God-Father.\u00a0JACOB L.\u00a0MORENO, Abingdon Press. Nashville, T. N.<\/p>

        F\u00fcrst, J. (2020). Role development in psychodrama training\u2014Findings and challenges.\u00a0Z Psychodrama Soziom\u00a019\u00a0(1), 239\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11620-020-00574-w<\/a><\/p>

        Moreno J.L. (1954). Transference countertransference and tele: their relation to group research and group psychotherapy.\u00a0Group Psychotherapy. New York: Beacon House.<\/p>

        Moreno, J. L. & Moreno, Z. T. (1975). Psychodrama, second volume. New York: Beacon House.<\/p>

        Oliphant, D. (2019). Exploring J.L. Moreno\u2019s spirituality and theology. Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand Psychodrama Association Journal, (28), 11\u201320. https:\/\/search.informit.org\/doi\/10.3316\/informit.006279329940465<\/a><\/p>

        Nolte, J. (2014). The Philosophy, Theory and Methods of J. L. MorenoThe Man Who Tried to Become God. Routledge<\/p>

        [1]<\/a> Psihodr\u0101mas v\u0101rds ir c\u0113lies no diviem grie\u0137u v\u0101rdiem: Psyche<\/em> un Drama<\/em>. Psyche<\/em>: (\/\u02c8sa\u026aki\u02d0\/<\/a>; Grie\u0137u: \u03a8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae, Romie\u0161u: Psukh\u1e17<\/em> Ant\u012bk\u0101 grie\u0137u: [psy\u02d0k\u02b0\u025b\u030c\u02d0]<\/a>; Izruna grie\u0137u valo\u0101: [psi\u02c8\u00e7i]<\/a>) ir grie\u0137u dv\u0113seles dieviete un att\u0113lot ar tauri\u0146a sp\u0101rniem. Psyche<\/em> noz\u012bm\u0113 dv\u0113sele, gar\u012bgais st\u0101voklis vai psihiskais dz\u012bves l\u012bmenis. Drama<\/em>: ,\/\u02c8dr\u0251\u02d0m\u0259\/ kas noz\u012bm\u0113 “darb\u012bbu” vai “notikumu”, aktivit\u0101ti. Psihodr\u0101ma noz\u012bm\u0113 “gar\u012bg\u0101s dz\u012bves notikumi” vai “gar\u012bg\u0101s darb\u012bbas” vai izplat\u012bt\u0101kais apz\u012bm\u0113jums \u201cdv\u0113sele darb\u012bb\u0101\u201d.<\/p>

        [2]<\/a> Spontanit\u0101te – \/sp\u0252n\u02c8te\u026an\u026a\u0259s\/, spontaneous, c\u0113lies no lat\u012b\u0146u v\u0101rda –\u00a0 sponte<\/em>, kas noz\u012bm\u0113 – br\u012bv\u0101 griba. Process vai notikums, bez \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s ietekmes, br\u012bvas gribas rezult\u0101t\u0101. Vesel\u012bga spontanit\u0101te un kreativit\u0101te ir k\u0101 vienm\u0113r l\u012bdzp\u0101st\u0101vo\u0161i procesi, bet tas nav viens un tas pats (Moreno, J. L. 1955).<\/p>

        [3]<\/a> Kreativit\u0101te \u2013 \u00a0Lat\u012b\u0146u valoda \/cre\u0101tus,<\/em> cre\u0101, cre\u0101re\/<\/em> \u2013 tais\u012bt, rad\u012bt, kas ir rado\u0161ums, sp\u0113ja rad\u012bt\u00a0 jaunas idejas vai jaunas lietas<\/p>

        [4]<\/a> J.L. Moreno 1926.gad\u0101 emigr\u0113 uz ASV un tur r\u012bko Starptautisk\u0101s Psihodr\u0101mas konfereces. No 1942.gada r\u012bko Amerikas Grupu psihoterapijas un psihodr\u0101mas asoci\u0101cija, ko dibin\u0101ja J. L. Moreno.<\/p>

        [5]<\/a> Tele \u2013 Sengrie\u0137u \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas v\u0101rds \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b5 \u2013 t\u00eale, t\u0101le, sazi\u0146a caur att\u0101lumu, t\u0101lu; lieto, lai apz\u012bm\u0113tu t\u0101las distances komunik\u0101cijas l\u012bdzek\u013cus, sazi\u0146a caur att\u0101lumu.<\/p>

        [6]<\/a> 1946. gad\u0101, J. L. Moreno n\u0101k klaj\u0101 ar lomu konceptu, un skaidro, loma (role<\/em>) n\u0101cis no Lat\u012b\u0146u v\u0101rda rotula, kas noz\u012bm\u0113 – rull\u012btis, kas sast\u0101v no garas un \u0161auras rakst\u0101mmateri\u0101la loksnes, uz kura senaj\u0101 Grie\u0137ij\u0101 un Rom\u0101 rakst\u012bja aktieriem tekstus (Moreno,<\/em>1946).<\/p>

        [7]<\/a> Pat\u012bba ir kaut kas t\u0101ds, ko indiv\u012bds izpau\u017e caur lom\u0101m, piedz\u012bvojot, izsp\u0113l\u0113jot un att\u012bstot t\u0101s dz\u012bves laik\u0101. Jo vair\u0101k lomu tiek piedz\u012bvots, jo vair\u0101k un pla\u0161\u0101k pat\u012bba var izpausties.<\/p>

        \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Raksta autore: Mg. Sc. Sal. Ineta Vanaga – Sabiedr\u012bbas vesel\u012bbas speci\u0101liste un Vesel\u012bbas zin\u0101t\u0146u ma\u0123istre. Apguvusi Psihodr\u0101mas l\u012bdera kvalifik\u0101ciju (psihoterapijas speci\u0101lists psihodr\u0101m\u0101, sociometrij\u0101 un grupu psihoterapij\u0101) Moreno Instit\u016bt\u0101 Latvij\u0101. Psihodr\u0101ma k\u0101 gar\u012bgais ce\u013c\u0161 darb\u012bb\u0101 Psihodr\u0101ma[1] (Psyche un Drama \u2013 dv\u0113sele darb\u012bb\u0101) \u00a0ir grupas psihoterapijas veids, kas norit m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgi virz\u012bt\u0101 darb\u012bb\u0101, iesaistot \u0137ermeni, izp\u0113tot un risinot 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