Kolumbij\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161ajiem uitoto indi\u0101\u0146iem ir m\u012bts, ka pasaule rad\u0101s sapn\u012b. S\u0101kum\u0101 bija tuk\u0161ums. Pasaule ir T\u0113va \u2013 Kosmisk\u0101 \u0137erme\u0146a sapnis. Realit\u0101te ir t\u0101da, ka vi\u0146\u0161 var aps\u0113sties uz savas nosap\u0146ot\u0101s pasaules mali\u0146as.<\/p>
Sapnis ir univers\u0101la pieredze. Agr\u0101k uzskat\u012bja, ka ne visi cilv\u0113ki sap\u0146o, bet tie, kas sap\u0146o \u2013 dara to reiz\u0113m. Kop\u0161 Aserinskis un Kleitmans 1953. gad\u0101 atkl\u0101ja \u0101tr\u0101s acu kust\u012bbas (REM) mieg\u0101 un to saist\u012bbu ar sap\u0146o\u0161anu, m\u0113s zin\u0101m , ka katrs cilv\u0113ks mieg\u0101 sap\u0146o. Nakts miega laik\u0101 cilv\u0113ks piedz\u012bvo 3 \u2013 4 smadze\u0146u aktivit\u0101tes izmai\u0146u periodus. Katr\u0101 no tiem ir aktivit\u0101tes pac\u0113lums, kad cilv\u0113ks sap\u0146o.<\/p>
Tom\u0113r miega biolo\u0123ijas izp\u0113te nepal\u012bdz mums izprast sap\u0146o\u0161anas pieredzi.<\/p>
Objektus un darb\u012bbas sap\u0146os m\u0113s piedz\u012bvojam tik pat re\u0101li, k\u0101 objektus nomoda dz\u012bv\u0113. \u0160o paradoksu iev\u0113roja jau pirms 1000 gadiem dz\u012bvojo\u0161ais \u010cu\u0146-cu : \u2018\u2019K\u0101du nakti es sap\u0146oju, ka esmu tauren\u012btis, lidin\u0101jos \u0161urpu \u2013 turpu. Pamodies, biju atkal \u010cu\u0146- cu. Kas es paties\u012bb\u0101 esmu? Tauren\u012btis, kas sap\u0146o, ka ir \u010cu\u0146- cu, vai \u010cu\u0146-cu, kas sap\u0146oja, ka ir tauren\u012btis?\u2019\u2019<\/p>
Tas atkar\u012bgs no t\u0101, k\u0101 defin\u0113jam realit\u0101ti. M\u0113s sapni piedz\u012bvojam k\u0101 kaut ko re\u0101lu, bet pamodu\u0161ies to uzskat\u0101m par nere\u0101lu \u2013 tas ir tamd\u0113\u013c, ka, sap\u0146ojot, m\u0113s neapzin\u0101mies piln\u012bb\u0101 to realit\u0101ti, kas aptver m\u016bs.<\/p>
Indijas gar\u012bg\u0101s filozofijas m\u0101ca, ka ir vair\u0101ki apzi\u0146as l\u012bme\u0146i, nevis viens, k\u0101 apgalvo materi\u0101listisk\u0101 filozofija.<\/p>
Pasaule s\u0101kas k\u0101 sapnis \u2013 k\u0101 Nai-mu-enas sapnis Dienvidamerik\u0101 un k\u0101 Brahmas sapnis indie\u0161u mitolo\u0123ij\u0101.<\/p>
Mir\u010da Eliade sav\u0101 m\u012btu teorij\u0101 gan apgalvo, ka m\u012btu un sap\u0146u t\u0113lu saturs nav fundament\u0101li saist\u012bts. Tom\u0113r \u2013 m\u012bti ir sap\u0146i pa\u0161i par sevi. Neapzi\u0146as rad\u012btais nav reli\u0123iju un to satura \u2013 simbolu, m\u012btu, ritu\u0101lu \u2018\u2019izejmateri\u0101ls\u2019\u2019. Neapzi\u0146as rad\u012btais, kas atspogu\u013cojas sap\u0146ot\u0101ja sapn\u012b ir homologs lielajiem kult\u016bru m\u012btiem, jo tie augst\u0101ka l\u012bme\u0146a apzin\u0101ti sap\u0146i. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di \u2013 gan individu\u0101los sap\u0146us, gan m\u012btus k\u0101 fenomenus m\u0113s varam apl\u016bkot k\u0101 sap\u0146u st\u0101vok\u013cus.<\/p>
\u010cu\u0146-cu teica : \u2018\u2019Gan Konf\u016bcijs, gan tu esi sapnis, un ar\u012b es, kur\u0161 saka, ka tu esi sapnis, esmu sapnis. Tas ir paradokss.\u2019\u2019<\/p>
Grie\u0137u trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Kad Hermejs pavada miru\u0161o dv\u0113seles uz vi\u0146sauli, vi\u0146\u0161 iziet caur demios oneiron \u2013<\/em> sap\u0146u ciematam. Pirms-Hom\u0113ra laikmeta grie\u0137iem Visums sast\u0101v\u0113ja no koncentriskiem ap\u013ciem, kas laik\u0101 un telp\u0101 izplat\u0101s, s\u0101kot no centra. \u0100rpus centra bija d\u012bvainu rad\u012bjumu apdz\u012bvotas me\u017eon\u012bgas zemes, aiz t\u0101m \u2013 Sv\u0113t\u012bto salas m\u016b\u017e\u012bgaj\u0101 Zelta laikmet\u0101. T\u0101l\u0101k \u2013 Okeanos<\/em>. Bet vi\u0146pus t\u0101 \u2013 antipasaule \u2013 miru\u0161o valst\u012bba. \u0100r\u0113jie ap\u013ci noz\u012bm\u0113ja \u2018\u2019sen\u0101k\u2019\u2019 un \u2018\u2019t\u0101l\u0101k\u2019\u2019. Centrs bija \u2018\u2019\u0161eit un tagad\u2019\u2019. Grie\u0137u m\u012btiskaj\u0101 \u0123eogr\u0101fij\u0101 sap\u0146i bija re\u0101l\u0101s pasaules \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s robe\u017e\u0101s un tuv\u0101k pirms\u0101kumiem. Grie\u0137u priek\u0161statos sap\u0146i bija zi\u0146as no dieviem. Sap\u0146i apciemoja seno grie\u0137i, nevis vi\u0146iem \u2018\u2019bija\u2019\u2019 sapnis.<\/p> Saska\u0146\u0101 ar orfi\u0137u doktr\u012bnu, pirmais Visuma princips ir Chronos,<\/em> laiks, no k\u0101 izc\u0113lies Haoss- bezgal\u012bbas simbols un \u0112teris \u2013 pabeigt\u012bbas simbols. Haosu ietver Nakts, veidojot apvalku. Visums ieg\u016bst olas formu, Nakts ir t\u0101s \u010daumala. \u0160\u012bs gigantisk\u0101s olas, kuras lejas da\u013ca ir zeme, bet aug\u0161\u0113j\u0101 da\u013ca \u2013 debess, centr\u0101 vispirms rad\u0101s Phanes<\/em>, gaisma. Nakts deva dz\u012bv\u012bbu Moros<\/em> (\u013caunajam liktenim), Ker<\/em> (postam), Thanatos<\/em> (n\u0101vei), Hypnos<\/em> (miegam) un \u2018\u2019sap\u0146ot\u0101jiem\u2019\u2019. Morfejs \u2013 sap\u0146u dievs, bija Hipnosa d\u0113ls. Sap\u0146ot\u0101ji, sap\u0146u t\u0113li un objekti \u0123enealo\u0123iski ir tuv\u0101ki pirms\u0101kumiem. Morfejs p\u0101rvalda sap\u0146u pasauli l\u012bdz\u012bgi , k\u0101 m\u0113s \u2013 vald\u0101m p\u0101r saviem sap\u0146iem. M\u0113s esam par tiem atbild\u012bgi, ta\u010du to esam\u012bba ir \u0101rpus mums.<\/p> V\u0113l\u0101ko laikmetu grie\u0137u filozofi struktur\u0113ja \u0113\u0123iptie\u0161u un Tuvo Austrumu m\u012btisk\u0101s idejas, saistot t\u0101s ar \u2018\u2019modernajiem\u2019\u2019 pasaules racion\u0101lajiem izskaidrojumiem. No Grie\u0137ijas cauri septi\u0146iem gadsimtiem \u2013 starp Herakl\u012btu un Artemidoru , II gs.p.m.\u0113. oneirologu, iez\u012bm\u0113jas visas sap\u0146u teorijas \u2013 materi\u0101listisk\u0101, mistisk\u0101, anal\u012btisk\u0101, okult\u0101 un medic\u012bnisk\u0101. T\u0101s visas bija paz\u012bstamas Rietumos XX. gs. s\u0101kum\u0101.<\/p> Hom\u0113rs sap\u0146us iedal\u012bja div\u0101s grup\u0101s \u2013 tie, kas ierodas caur Zilo\u0146kaula V\u0101rtiem un tie, kas caur Raga V\u0101rtiem. Patiesie sap\u0146i un viltus sap\u0146i. V\u0113l\u0101ko laikmetu sap\u0146u teor\u0113ti\u0137i m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja rast tiem krit\u0113rijus.<\/p> Pie\u0146emot to, ka sap\u0146os atspogu\u013cojas dievi\u0161\u0137a ietekme, Hipokr\u0101ts formul\u0113ja sap\u0146u diagnostisko v\u0113rt\u012bbu. Dv\u0113sele, kas nomoda st\u0101vokl\u012b ir piln\u012bb\u0101 aiz\u0146emta ar \u0137erme\u0146a funkcij\u0101m, mieg\u0101 m\u0113\u0123ina l\u012bdzsvarot veselumu un saprast slim\u012bbu c\u0113lo\u0146us. Kam\u0113r sap\u0146i patiesi atspogu\u013co nomoda dz\u012bvi, \u0137ermenis ir vesels. Bet, ja, piem\u0113ram, saule sapn\u012b ir melna, tad kaut kas nav k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101 ar to org\u0101nu, kas makro \u2013 un mikrokosmiski saist\u012bts ar sauli.<\/p> Herakl\u012bts uzskat\u012bja, ka apzi\u0146a ir uguns, dz\u012bv\u012bba, zin\u0101\u0161anas. Tas ir centrs, dod gaismu j\u0113gai. Gan mieg\u0101, gan n\u0101v\u0113 mitrums apdz\u0113\u0161 dz\u012bv\u012bbas uguni, dv\u0113sele no t\u0101s atbr\u012bvojas. N\u0101v\u0113 dv\u0113seles p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161as \u016bden\u012b. Sap\u0146i atrodas net\u0101lu no Oke\u0101na.<\/p> Aristotelis netic\u0113ja, ka sap\u0146iem ir dievi\u0161\u0137a izcelsme. Vi\u0146\u0161 uzskat\u012bja, ka sap\u0146i \u2018\u2019n\u0101k no sirds\u2019\u2019 \u2013 j\u016btu centra, ko izraisa sp\u0113c\u012bgas pr\u0101ta kust\u012bbas nomoda st\u0101vokl\u012b. Kust\u012bbas mieg\u0101 ir aizs\u0101kums kust\u012bb\u0101m nomod\u0101. Sap\u0146os atn\u0101k t\u0113li, kas nomod\u0101 k\u013c\u016bst par dom\u0101m. Ment\u0101lie t\u0113li ir k\u0101 atspulgi \u016bden\u012b. Atspulgs nav tas pats, kas ori\u0123in\u0101ls. Aristotelis bija pirmais filozofs, kur\u0161 iebilda pret t\u012briem prekognit\u012bviem sap\u0146iem, uzskatot, ka \u0161o sap\u0146u ir tik daudz, ka t\u012bri nejau\u0161i tie sakr\u012bt ar v\u0113l\u0101kajiem notikumiem.<\/p> Alternat\u012bva pieeja racion\u0101lajiem Aristote\u013ca skaidrojumiem bija pitagorie\u0161u uzskats, ka sapn\u012b dv\u0113sele atbr\u012bvojas no \u0137erme\u0146a un , pace\u013coties, saskaras ar augst\u0101k\u0101m b\u016btn\u0113m. \u0160is mistiskais koncepts sak\u0146ojas orfi\u0137u un \u0113\u0123iptie\u0161u doktr\u012bn\u0101s. \u0112\u0123ipt\u0113 vald\u012bja uzskats, ka ba<\/em> , jeb gar\u012bgais dubultnieks, pamet fizisko \u0137ermeni miega laik\u0101 un cilv\u0113kam mirstot. L\u012bdz\u012bgas idejas izsaka Platons \u2013 ka gari, kas m\u0101jo \u0113teriskajos apgabalos, n\u0101k m\u016bs apciemot, atnesot dievu zi\u0146as un pav\u0113les. \u0160\u012bs idejas t\u0101l\u0101k att\u012bst\u012bja neoplatonisti, tad p\u0101r\u0146\u0113ma gnosti\u0137i un caur Renesanses okultistiem l\u012bdz teozofistiem un XX gs. misti\u0137iem.<\/p> Artemidors no Efesas rakst\u012bja, ka sap\u0146i un v\u012bzijas atn\u0101k pie cilv\u0113kiem, lai tos br\u012bdin\u0101tu vai dotu padomus. Vi\u0146\u0161 bija viens no pirmajiem grie\u0137iem, kas p\u0113t\u012bja sap\u0146us nevis sap\u0146u teorijas. Pirmo reizi literat\u016br\u0101 par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s p\u0113t\u012bjumi, kuru pamat\u0101 bija 3000 sap\u0146u apraksti. Artemidora Oneirokritikas<\/em> 5 gr\u0101matas prezent\u0113ja hell\u0113nisko anal\u012btisko pieeju, ko v\u0113l\u0101k nov\u0113rt\u0113ja ar\u012b Z.Freids. T\u0101 viet\u0101, lai interpret\u0113tu sapni, Artemidors, m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja ieg\u016bt inform\u0101ciju par sap\u0146ot\u0101ju : vi\u0146a raksturu, noska\u0146ojumu, dz\u012bves apst\u0101k\u013cus, v\u0101rdu. Vi\u0146am \u0161\u0137ita svar\u012bgi noskaidrot, k\u0101 konkr\u0113tais sapnis ir saist\u012bts ar sap\u0146ot\u0101ju.<\/p> Artemidora gr\u0101mat\u0101s noz\u012bm\u012bga vieta atv\u0113l\u0113ta sap\u0146u sarakstam, kas sadal\u012bts kategorij\u0101s p\u0113c objektiem, pat \u013coti vienk\u0101r\u0161ot\u0101 veid\u0101. Tas saglab\u0101jies popul\u0101rs Rietumu pasaul\u0113 l\u012bdz pat m\u016bsu dien\u0101m.<\/p> B\u012bbelisk\u0101 trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Izra\u0113la v\u0113sture , k\u0101 aprakst\u012bta Vec\u0101s Der\u012bbas V\u0113sturiskaj\u0101s gr\u0101mat\u0101s un Tor\u0101, ir Jahves biogr\u0101fija. Un J\u016bdu uzdevums bija sekot Dieva gribai, kas izteikta Dieva dotajos likumos caur pravie\u0161u sap\u0146iem un v\u012bzij\u0101m. Kad Dievs uzrun\u0101ja j\u016bdus, vi\u0146\u0161 s\u016bt\u012bja m\u012btiski v\u0113sturiskas zi\u0146as. Vi\u0146\u0161 uzrun\u0101ja, s\u016btot sap\u0146us, kuru noz\u012bme bija skaidra un nep\u0101rprotama. J\u016bdiem sap\u0146i bija \u012bpa\u0161s veids, k\u0101 sa\u0146emt dievi\u0161\u0137\u0101s instrukcijas un iedvesmu.<\/p> Jaunaj\u0101 Der\u012bb\u0101 J\u0101zeps sapn\u012b sa\u0146em zi\u0146u par Kristus atn\u0101k\u0161anu. Marija \u0161o zi\u0146u sa\u0146em nomod\u0101. \u0160ie spiritu\u0101l\u0101s percepcijas l\u012bme\u0146i tika defin\u0113ti jau Vecaj\u0101 Der\u012bb\u0101, kad Dievs deva zi\u0146u, ka pravie\u0161i tiek uzrun\u0101ti sapn\u012b, bet \u2018\u2019mans kalps Mozus ir cit\u0101ds\u2026 ar vi\u0146u es varu run\u0101t tie\u0161i \u2013 aci pret aci\u2019\u2019. Senajos laikos pla\u0161i bija izplat\u012bts priek\u0161stats, ka parastajiem cilv\u0113kiem saskarsme ar Dievu dr\u012bz\u0101k var\u0113ja notikt sap\u0146os nevis nomoda v\u012bzij\u0101s, jo dien\u0101 cilv\u0113ka pr\u0101ts ir aiz\u0146emts ar ikdienas r\u016bp\u0113m. Nomoda v\u012bzijas apmekl\u0113 tos, kuri ir gar\u012bgi p\u0113c savas dabas.<\/p> Islama trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Islams ir pravietiska reli\u0123ija un sap\u0146o\u0161ana kop\u0161 pirms\u0101kumiem ir ietekm\u0113jusi t\u0101 gar\u012bgo dz\u012bvi. Lailatal-miraj<\/em>, jeb \u2018\u2019nakts ce\u013cojums\u2019\u2019 \u2013 Muhameda lielais sapnis, kur\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 tika iesv\u0113t\u012bts Visuma nosl\u0113pumos, s\u0101kas ar to, \u2018\u2019ka vi\u0146\u0161 gul\u0113ja starp diviem kalniem \u2013 Safa un Meeva\u2019\u2019, kad par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s e\u0146\u0123elis Gabri\u0113ls, vedot sev l\u012bdzi Elboraku \u2013 puscilv\u0113ku, sudraba lietuv\u0113nu, kura mugur\u0101 Muhameds dev\u0101s uz pasaules centru \u2013 Jeruzalemi. Jeruzalem\u0113 Muhameds sarun\u0101jas ar \u0100bramu, Mozu un J\u0113zu un kop\u012bgi ar vi\u0146iem l\u016bdz. Tad turpina ce\u013cojumu caur 7 debess sf\u0113r\u0101m \u2013 katrai ir sava kr\u0101sa un katra saist\u012bta ar 7 eksistences l\u012bme\u0146iem (materi\u0101lo, ve\u0123et\u0101lo, anim\u0101lo, hum\u0101no; un tr\u012bs \u2013 kas ir vi\u0146pus parasta cilv\u0113ka sp\u0113j\u0101m pieredz\u0113t). Beig\u0101s vi\u0146\u0161 nok\u013c\u016bst pie Dieva.<\/p> Vairums cilv\u0113ku dz\u012bvo materi\u0101laj\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b, kas, saska\u0146\u0101 ar sufistu skaidrojumu, ir t\u0101d\u0113\u013c, ka materi\u0101l\u0101 pasaule savu varu p\u0101r cilv\u0113kiem izr\u0101da caur liet\u0101m. Mekl\u0113t\u0101ja m\u0113r\u0137is ir sasniegt patiesu apzi\u0146as l\u012bmeni, izejot caur ve\u0123et\u0101lo un anim\u0101lo l\u012bmeni.<\/p> Ve\u0123et\u0101l\u0101 l\u012bme\u0146a v\u012bzijas cilv\u0113ks piedz\u012bvo, ja lieto drogas, kas pieder \u0161im l\u012bmenim.<\/p> Sap\u0146i, ko Muhameds piedz\u012bvoja m\u0113nesi pirms Kor\u0101na atkl\u0101smes, bija izol\u0113tas gaismas un ska\u0146as impresijas. Pravietis \u0161os sap\u0146us netulkoja, bet tie ir iez\u012bm\u0113ti ar atsevi\u0161\u0137iem burtiem vair\u0101ku Kor\u0101na noda\u013cu s\u0101kum\u0101 ( II nod. A,L,M utt.). Islam\u0101 noz\u012bm\u012bga vieta ir numerolo\u0123ijai un saist\u012bbai starp cipariem un burtiem. Ta\u010du, ko \u012bsti noz\u012bm\u0113 Kor\u0101na burti \u2013 nav zin\u0101ms. \u201c Vien\u012bgi Dievs zina, ko vi\u0146\u0161 bija dom\u0101jis ar \u0161iem burtiem\u2019\u2019.<\/p> Muhameda laikos nebija at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas starp miega sap\u0146iem un nomoda v\u012bzij\u0101m. Muhameds sa\u0146\u0113ma gar\u012bgu inform\u0101ciju abos veidos.<\/p> V\u0113l\u0101k \u2013 ortodoks\u0101lie musulma\u0146i, kuri vair\u0101k piev\u0113rsa uzman\u012bbu reli\u0123ijas \u0101r\u0113jai atrib\u016btikai nek\u0101 gar\u012bgajai pieredzei, pravietojumus un pravie\u0161us v\u0113rt\u0113ja saska\u0146\u0101 ar Vec\u0101s Der\u012bbas krit\u0113rijiem. Nabi <\/em> \u2013 vienk\u0101r\u0161s pravietis, kas sap\u0146os var redz\u0113t un dzird\u0113t e\u0146\u0123e\u013cus. Nabi morsal<\/em> \u2013 pravietis tautai, vi\u0146\u0161 var nomod\u0101 ieraudz\u012bt un sadzird\u0113t e\u0146\u0123e\u013cus. Se\u0161i Lielie Pravie\u0161i ( \u0100dams, Noass, \u0100brams, Mozus, J\u0113zus un Muhameds) atkl\u0101ja jaunus likumus (\u0161ariatu)<\/em> cilv\u0113cei. Vi\u0146i dzird\u0113ja Dieva balsi nomod\u0101.<\/p> Avicenna apgalvoja, ka cilv\u0113ka pr\u0101ts nakt\u012b ir daudz br\u012bv\u0101ks, nek\u0101 dien\u0101.<\/p> K\u0101ds XV gadsimta sufists \u2013 \u0160amsodins Lahid\u017ei apraksta savu sapni, kur\u0101 redz\u0113jis \u2018\u2019melnu gaismu\u2019\u2019. Da\u017ei autori skaidro, ka \u2018\u2019Meln\u0101 Gaisma\u2019\u2019 atkl\u0101j pirms\u0101kumu nosl\u0113pumu, jo es\u012bbai ir dubulta seja \u2013 gaismas un tumsas seja. Lahid\u017ei sav\u0101 sapn\u012b nenok\u0101pa ell\u0113, bet dev\u0101s debes\u012bs, v\u0113l aiz t\u0101m, kur ieraudz\u012bja melno gaismu.<\/p> Musulma\u0146u misti\u0137i uzskat\u012bja, ka sap\u0146u un v\u012bziju pasaule \u2013 alam al-mithral<\/em>, ir pusce\u013c\u0101 starp materi\u0101lo un intelektu\u0101lo pasauli. \u0160\u012b t\u0113lu pasaule nav nere\u0101la.<\/p> T\u0113lu pasaule nav iedom\u0101ta \u2013 to var sasniegt intens\u012bvu treni\u0146u rezult\u0101t\u0101. T\u0101 ir sap\u0146u pasaule, kas sasniedzama daudziem sap\u0146ot\u0101jiem.<\/p> Etnogr\u0101fisk\u0101 trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Pirmatn\u0113j\u0101m vai arhaisk\u0101m taut\u0101m nepast\u0101v\u0113ja stingras robe\u017eas starp objekt\u012bvo un subjekt\u012bvo, starp izt\u0113li un realit\u0101ti. Novilkt prec\u012bzu robe\u017eu starp \u0161\u012bm liet\u0101m, ir viens no b\u016btisk\u0101kiem zin\u0101tnisk\u0101s pieejas un izgl\u012bt\u012bbas rezult\u0101tiem.<\/p> Malaizijas centr\u0101laj\u0101s kalnien\u0113s dz\u012bvo tauta \u2013 sinoji, kuru kolekt\u012bvaj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113 svar\u012bga noz\u012bme ir sap\u0146iem, kas stiprina un integr\u0113 kopienu un pal\u012bdz sasniegt augstu, K.G.Junga terminos run\u0101jot, \u2018\u2019individu\u0101cijas\u2019\u2019 l\u012bmeni. K.Stjuarts, kur\u0161 1935. gad\u0101 dz\u012bvoja starp sinojiem rakst\u012bja, ka \u0161\u012bs tautas vid\u016b nav vardarb\u012bbas, bru\u0146oti konflikti, gar\u012bgas un fiziskas slim\u012bbas. To vi\u0146\u0161 skaidro ar augsto psiholo\u0123isk\u0101s integr\u0101cijas un emocion\u0101l\u0101 brieduma l\u012bmeni, k\u0101 ar\u012b ar att\u012bst\u012bt\u0101m soci\u0101laj\u0101m iema\u0146\u0101m, kas nodro\u0161ina kreat\u012bvas nevis destrukt\u012bvas interperson\u0101l\u0101s attiec\u012bbas.<\/p> Sinoji tic, ka katram ir j\u0101m\u0113\u0123ina kontrol\u0113t savu sap\u0146u pasauli, liekot sp\u0113kiem, kas taj\u0101 darbojas, kooper\u0113ties. Sap\u0146u t\u0113li ir re\u0101li. Ja tie apdraud, sap\u0146ot\u0101jam ir j\u0101c\u012bn\u0101s ar tiem, ja nepiecie\u0161ams, saucot pal\u012bg\u0101 savu draugu sap\u0146u t\u0113lus. Sap\u0146u t\u0113li ir b\u012bstami tik ilgi, kam\u0113r no tiem baid\u0101s. Ja sap\u0146ot\u0101js g\u016bst uzvaru sap\u0146u kauj\u0101, pretinieka gars k\u013c\u016bst par kalpu vai sabiedroto turpm\u0101kajos sap\u0146os vai nomoda dz\u012bv\u0113.<\/p> Katru r\u012btu \u0123imene san\u0101k kop\u0101, apsprie\u017e un izv\u0113rt\u0113 iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s nakts sap\u0146us. B\u0113rniem st\u0101sta par sap\u0146u noz\u012bmi un vi\u0146us iedro\u0161ina sap\u0146ot. Ja sinoju z\u0113ns st\u0101sta, ka sapn\u012b kritis no augstuma, vec\u0101ki saka, ka tas ir bijis br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bgs sapnis, viens no jauk\u0101kajiem, ko cilv\u0113ks var piedz\u012bvot. \u2018\u2019Kur tu nokriti? Ko jaunu ieraudz\u012bji?\u2026 Tev j\u0101atsl\u0101bin\u0101s un j\u0101bauda kritiens sapn\u012b. Kritiens ir \u0101tr\u0101kais veids, k\u0101 nok\u013c\u016bt garu pasaul\u0113\u2026 Dr\u012bz, kad atkal krit\u012bsi sapn\u012b, atceries, ko teicu\u2026 un tu sajut\u012bsi t\u0101 sp\u0113ka, kas tev liek krist, avotu.\u2019\u2019<\/p> Pat\u012bkamos sap\u0146us ir j\u0101turpina tik ilgi, kam\u0113r sasniedz kaut ko skaistu vai noder\u012bgu, ko var atnest saviem cilts \u013caud\u012bm nomod\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, ja cilv\u0113ks sapn\u012b lido, vi\u0146\u0161 to turpina dar\u012bt tik ilgi, l\u012bdz sasniedz b\u016btnes, kas vi\u0146am var iem\u0101c\u012bt k\u0101du dziesmu vai k\u0101du prasmi, ko atnest savas kopienas \u013caud\u012bm.<\/p> Seksu\u0101los sap\u0146us sap\u0146ot\u0101js turpina, kam\u0113r sasniedz orgasmu, p\u0113c tam pal\u016bdz savam sap\u0146u m\u012blniekam nodzied\u0101t k\u0101du dziesmi\u0146u.<\/p> Sapn\u012b vi\u0146\u0161 bez bail\u0113m var izteikt m\u012blu pret tiem, pret ko nomoda dz\u012bv\u0113 tas ir aizliegts \u2013 piem., pret br\u0101\u013ciem vai m\u0101s\u0101m, jo \u0161\u0101di sap\u0146u person\u0101\u017ei nav br\u0101\u013cu vai m\u0101su aspekti, bet psihiski t\u0113li, kas \u0161\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 mask\u0113jas.<\/p> Kad \u0123imene ir apspriedusi savus sap\u0146us, san\u0101k kop\u0101 sinoju v\u012brie\u0161i. Sapulci vada halaks \u2013<\/em> \u0161amanis. Tad tiek apspriesti un izv\u0113rt\u0113ti visu \u0123ime\u0146u sap\u0146i, tiek izskaidrotas un uzvestas dejas un izdzied\u0101tas dziesmas. \u0160amanisms (\u2018\u2019zin\u0101\u0161anas\u2019\u2019) ir sinoju v\u012brie\u0161u galam\u0113r\u0137is un halaks<\/em> nav tituls, bet ir st\u0101voklis, ko potenci\u0101li var sasniegt ikviens.<\/p> Sinoju sap\u0146u teorija skaidro, ka cilv\u0113kam ir gar\u012bgais \u0137ermenis, kuru veido prim\u0101r\u0101 sirds dv\u0113sele \u2013 sengin<\/em>, no k\u0101 atkar\u012bga dz\u012bv\u012bba un \u010detras sekund\u0101r\u0101s dv\u0113seles : jereg<\/em>, kas atrodas akn\u0101s un projic\u0113jas laik\u0101 un telp\u0101, hinum<\/em> \u2013 elpa, kas var pamest \u0137ermeni runas vai ekspresijas laik\u0101; ruai<\/em> \u2013 galva, kas atst\u0101j \u0137ermeni mieg\u0101; un kenlok<\/em> \u2013 ac\u012bs, kas kontrol\u0113 saj\u016btas un parastas zin\u0101\u0161anas. Lai k\u013c\u016btu par \u0161amani, ruai<\/em> un vismaz vienai citai dv\u0113selei j\u0101sp\u0113j atst\u0101t \u0137ermeni. Bet , lai k\u013c\u016btu par augst\u0101k\u0101 l\u012bme\u0146a halak<\/em>, vis\u0101m dv\u0113sel\u0113m, iz\u0146emot sengin<\/em> (t\u0101 pamet \u0137ermeni tikai mirstot), j\u0101sp\u0113j ce\u013cot \u0101rpus \u0137erme\u0146a un sadarboties ar ruai<\/em> sap\u0146u pasaul\u0113.<\/p> Ir divas Amerikas indi\u0101\u0146u ciltis, kuru kult\u016br\u0101 noz\u012bm\u012bgu vietu ie\u0146em sap\u0146i. Tie ir Kolorado marikopas un Piecu N\u0101ciju Konfeder\u0101cijas sast\u0101v\u0101 eso\u0161ie irok\u0113zi \u0145ujorkas pavalst\u012b. XVII gs, fran\u010du jezu\u012bti rakst\u012bja, ka irok\u0113ziem ir pavisam vienk\u0101r\u0161a diev\u012bba \u2013 tas ir sapnis. Vi\u0146i sekojot vis\u0101m sap\u0146os sa\u0146emtaj\u0101m instrukcij\u0101m. Vi\u0146i dom\u0101jot un run\u0101jot tikai par sap\u0146iem. Vi\u0146us uzskata par daudz reli\u0123ioz\u0101kiem, k\u0101 citas \u2013 kaimi\u0146u ciltis.<\/p> Irok\u0113zi sapni uzskat\u012bja par dv\u0113seles valodu, tas ir veids, k\u0101 dv\u0113sele izsaka savas v\u0113lmes. L\u012bdz\u012bgi Freida viedoklim, vi\u0146i dom\u0101ja, ka sapn\u012b cilv\u0113ka v\u0113lmes atkl\u0101jas mask\u0113t\u0101 veid\u0101, sap\u0146u valod\u0101.<\/p> Irok\u0113zu uzskats, ka sap\u0146u st\u0101voklis ir prim\u0101rs un nomoda realit\u0101te \u2013 sekund\u0101ra ir pret\u0113js Rietumu racion\u0101lismam, kur nomoda st\u0101voklis tiek uzskat\u012bts par prim\u0101ru realit\u0101ti, bet sapnis \u2013 nere\u0101ls, kura laik\u0101 kompj\u016bteram l\u012bdz\u012bgais pr\u0101ts tikai atspogu\u013co nomoda t\u0113lus. \u0160iem abiem gal\u0113jiem uzskatiem pietr\u016bkst veseluma.<\/p> Marikopas uzskat\u012bja, ka veiksm\u012bga dz\u012bve atkar\u012bga no gara, un gar\u012bgumu var ieg\u016bt, sap\u0146ojot. Ikviens, kas ir p\u0101rticis vai veiksm\u012bgs \u2013 sap\u0146o. Cilv\u0113ks ir p\u0101rticis nevis tamd\u0113\u013c, ka daudz str\u0101d\u0101jis, bet tamd\u0113\u013c, ka vi\u0146\u0161 ir daudz sap\u0146ojis. Sap\u0146a laik\u0101 cilv\u0113ka dv\u0113sele iziet \u0101rpus t\u0101 un atrod garu, kas atkl\u0101j dziesmu vai dziedin\u0101\u0161anas nosl\u0113pumu. Tom\u0113r tikai retais marikopa uzdro\u0161in\u0101s doties sap\u0146u ce\u013cojum\u0101 mekl\u0113t garu, jo ce\u013c\u0161 ir gar\u0161 un b\u012bstams. Tas ir ilgs process, jo sap\u0146ot\u0101js sa\u0146em zin\u0101\u0161anas no gara vair\u0101ku gadu garum\u0101. \u0160aj\u0101 (zin\u0101\u0161anu ieg\u016b\u0161anas) laik\u0101 sap\u0146ot\u0101js nedr\u012bkst nevienam st\u0101st\u012bt par saviem sap\u0146iem un tajos ieg\u016bto inform\u0101ciju. S\u0101kt p\u0101r\u0101k \u0101tri run\u0101t \u2013 bez \u012bstas izpratnes, tas var sadusmot garu un vi\u0146\u0161 pamet\u012bs sap\u0146ot\u0101ju.<\/p> Indie\u0161u trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Indie\u0161u trad\u012bcij\u0101 ir divas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas pieejas sap\u0146iem \u2013 reli\u0123iski filozofisk\u0101 un metafizisk\u0101 Upani\u0161\u0101du izpratne un gar\u012bg\u0101 un emp\u012brisk\u0101 jogas trad\u012bcija. Gadsimtu garum\u0101 sap\u0146o\u0161anas st\u0101vokli izprata k\u0101 psihisk\u0101 un spiritu\u0101l\u0101 visuma da\u013cu.<\/p> Upani\u0161\u0101d\u0101s piemin\u0113ta esenci\u0101l\u0101 mantra AUM (OM) \u2013 pirmatn\u0113j\u0101 ska\u0146a, kas saist\u012bta ar augst\u0101ko \u2013 kro\u0146a \u010dakru. Katrs burts A,U,M un kop\u0113j\u0101 ska\u0146a OM atspogu\u013co vienu no \u010detriem apzi\u0146as st\u0101vok\u013ciem, \u010detras brahmana <\/em>(univers\u0101lais pr\u0101ts\/dv\u0113sele) da\u013cas un \u010detras pat\u012bbas (atman)<\/em> da\u013cas. OM \u2013 Univers\u0101lais sapr\u0101ts, v\u0101rds, kas \u2018\u2019bija s\u0101kum\u0101\u2019\u2019).<\/p> Jogas ask\u0113tisk\u0101s un emp\u012brisk\u0101s tehnikas, bet v\u0113l\u0101k \u2013 psiholo\u0123isk\u0101 un mistisk\u0101 budistu joga balst\u012bj\u0101s uz Upani\u0161\u0101du centr\u0101lo domu, ka indiv\u012bda dv\u0113sele \u2013 atman<\/em> un pasaules dv\u0113sele \u2013 brahman<\/em> p\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas ir viena, un tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka ieg\u016bstot zin\u0101\u0161anas, indiv\u012bds var sasniegt dievi\u0161\u0137u st\u0101vokli. Indiv\u012bda atbild\u012bba ir piepild\u012bt dievi\u0161\u0137o br\u012bv\u012bbu un nemirst\u012bbu, to darot nevis filozofiski, k\u0101 agr\u012bnaj\u0101s Upani\u0161\u0101d\u0101s, bet gan praktiski.<\/p> Mandukya <\/em>\u2013 teksts, kas ir Tibetas misti\u0137u psiholo\u0123isk\u0101 rokasgr\u0101mata, sap\u0146u st\u0101vokli apraksta k\u0101 otro pak\u0101pi, kurai katram j\u0101iziet cauri, lai sasniegtu apgaism\u012bbu.<\/p> Indie\u0161u trad\u012bcija atz\u012bst sap\u0146u \u2018\u2019realit\u0101tes\u2019\u2019 paradoksu \u2013 l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 nomoda \u2018\u2019realit\u0101te\u2019\u2019 \u2013 abas beigu beig\u0101s ir il\u016bzija.<\/p> Lai sasniegtu apgaism\u012bbas st\u0101vokli, cilv\u0113kam j\u0101iziet caur trim apzi\u0146as priek\u0161st\u0101vok\u013ciem \u2013 nomoda, sap\u0146u un miega bez sap\u0146iem, turkl\u0101t, tas j\u0101veic piln\u012bgi apzin\u0101ti. \u012apa\u0161a tehnika, lai uztur\u0113tu \u0161o nep\u0101rtrauktas apzi\u0146as st\u0101vokli ir \u2013 pranayama<\/em>, elpo\u0161anas kontrole, atk\u0101rtojot AUM. Tas l\u012bdzsvaro ieelpu, izelpu un gaisa retenci plau\u0161\u0101s t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di, ka visi \u0161ie procesi ir vien\u0101da ilguma.<\/p> Elpojot aizvien l\u0113n\u0101k, l\u012bdz sasniegts miega ritms, jogi pan\u0101k sap\u0146u st\u0101vokli, piln\u012bb\u0101 nezaud\u0113jot apzi\u0146u.<\/p> Tibetie\u0161u jogu teksts Chos-drug<\/em> (Se\u0161as Doktr\u012bnas) apraksta pak\u0101pes, kam j\u0101iziet cauri, lai ieg\u016btu zin\u0101\u0161anas. 1.Vit\u0101lais Siltums \u2013 dzin\u0113jsp\u0113ks, kas vajadz\u012bgs, uzs\u0101kot gar\u012bgo att\u012bst\u012bbu. 2. Iluzorais \u0136ermenis \u2013 jogi s\u0101k apzin\u0101ties, ka vi\u0146u \u0137ermenis un visi citi dabas objekti ir iluzori. 3. Sap\u0146i \u2013 jogi s\u0101k apzin\u0101ties, ka ar\u012b sap\u0146i ir iluzori. T\u0101tad \u2013 sap\u0146os un nomod\u0101 ieg\u016bt\u0101s pieredzes ir l\u012bdz\u012bgas. 4. T\u012br\u0101 Gaisma. 5. Starpst\u0101voklis \u2013 bardo<\/em>. 6. P\u0101rnese.<\/p> Paiet daudzi gadi medit\u0101cij\u0101s un treni\u0146os, l\u012bdz jogs sasniedz augst\u0101ko apzi\u0146as st\u0101vokli, \u2018\u2019k\u013c\u016bstot par rad\u012bt\u0101ju \u2026 dievu\u2019\u2019.<\/p> Psihoanal\u012btisk\u0101 trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Pirms Z.Freids 1899. gad\u0101 public\u0113ja savu monument\u0101lo darbu \u2018\u2019Sap\u0146u tulko\u0161ana\u2019\u2019, Eirop\u0101 sap\u0146u p\u0113t\u012bjumiem nodev\u0101s tikai atsevi\u0161\u0137i cilv\u0113ki, k\u0101 Alfreds Mori, kur\u0161 eksperiment\u0113ja ar fizisku saj\u016btu ietekmi uz sap\u0146iem, un H. de Senden\u012b, kur\u0161 m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja sap\u0146us apzin\u0101ti kontrol\u0113t.<\/p> Freids pamat\u012bgi izanaliz\u0113ja savus sap\u0146us un izvirz\u012bja teoriju, ka sap\u0146os cilv\u0113ks mask\u0113t\u0101 veid\u0101 piepilda savas infant\u012bl\u0101s seksu\u0101l\u0101s vajadz\u012bbas. T\u0101 k\u0101 vairums sap\u0146u nav ar seksu\u0101lu saturu, vi\u0146\u0161 uzskat\u012bja, ka \u2018\u2019manifestais\u2019\u2019 sapnis (tas, ko cilv\u0113ks atceras) ir pr\u0101ta cenz\u0113ts, bet aiz t\u0101 st\u0101v \u2018\u2019latentais\u2019\u2019 sapnis. \u2018\u2019Sap\u0146i ir miega sargi, nevis t\u0101 trauc\u0113t\u0101ji\u2019\u2019.<\/p> Latent\u0101 sap\u0146a saturs mask\u0113jas \u010detros veidos : kondens\u0101cija, nob\u012bde (displacement),<\/em> otrreiz\u0113ja p\u0101rstr\u0101de (secondary revision) <\/em>un simbolisms. \u0160os \u010detrus procesus vi\u0146\u0161 nosauca par \u2018\u2019sap\u0146u darbu\u2019\u2019. Kondens\u0101cija ir meh\u0101nisms, kad vair\u0101kas sap\u0146a idejas kondens\u0113jas vienk\u0101r\u0161os t\u0113los manifestaj\u0101 sapn\u012b ( piem., cilv\u0113ka t\u0113vs un psihoanal\u012bti\u0137is apvienojas vien\u0101 t\u0113l\u0101). Nob\u012bdes gad\u012bjum\u0101 emocijas, kas saist\u0101s ar k\u0101du situ\u0101ciju, tiek pied\u0113v\u0113tas citai, lai nov\u0113rstu sap\u0146ot\u0101ja uzman\u012bbu no savu j\u016btu objekta. Otrreiz\u0113ja p\u0101rstr\u0101de ir manifest\u0101 sap\u0146a neapzin\u0101ta izmain\u012b\u0161ana, lai piedotu tam j\u0113gu. Tom\u0113r Freids nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka ir daudz sap\u0146u, kas apmierina citas \u2013 ne seksu\u0101las vajadz\u012bbas. T\u0101 galvenok\u0101rt ir seksu\u0101lo org\u0101nu un aktivit\u0101\u0161u simboliz\u0101cija.<\/p> Freida teorija bija jauna savam laikmetam. Pat K.G.Jungs daudzus gadus pien\u0101c\u012bgi nenov\u0113rt\u0113ja \u0161\u012bs jaun\u0101s pieejas noz\u012bmi.<\/p> Kam\u0113r Freids sap\u0146us uzskat\u012bja par trauc\u0113tu psihisk\u0101s darb\u012bbas veidu, caur kuru var piek\u013c\u016bt pacienta neirozei, K.G.Jungs sapni uztv\u0113ra k\u0101 zemapzi\u0146as norm\u0101lu, spont\u0101nu un kreat\u012bvu ekspresiju.<\/p> Lai gan Jungs pie\u0146\u0113ma da\u017eus Freida sap\u0146u teorijas pamatprincipus, piem., kondens\u0101ciju un simboliz\u0101ciju, tom\u0113r piln\u012bb\u0101 nepiekrita \u2018\u2019mask\u0113\u0161an\u0101s\u2019\u2019 teorijai: \u2018\u2019Neredzu nek\u0101du iemeslu, kamd\u0113\u013c sapnim vajadz\u0113tu m\u016bs maldin\u0101t\u2019\u2019. T\u0101pat Jungs uzskat\u012bja, ka Freids krietni p\u0101rsp\u012bl\u0113 zemapzi\u0146as seksu\u0101lo aspektu. Un iebilda pret to, ka Freids p\u0101r\u0101k vienk\u0101r\u0161o simbolus , novedot tos l\u012bdz vienai vien\u012bgai idejai. T\u0101 viet\u0101 Jungs pied\u0101v\u0101ja amplifik\u0101ciju \u2013 sap\u0146u t\u0113la papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anu, velkot mitolo\u0123iskas un etnolo\u0123iskas paral\u0113les. P\u0113tot savus un savu pacientu sap\u0146us, Jungs atkl\u0101ja noteiktus arhetipus \u2013 psihes strukt\u016brelementus, kam piem\u012bt noteikta autonomija un ener\u0123ija un kas darbojas \u0101rpus apzin\u0101t\u0101. \u0160\u012bs psihisk\u0101s strukt\u016bras ir kop\u012bgas visiem cilv\u0113kiem. V\u0113l\u0101k Jungs t\u0101s nod\u0113v\u0113ja par kolekt\u012bv\u0101s zemapzi\u0146as arhetipiem. T\u0101s reprezent\u0113 \u2018\u2019ne-individu\u0101l\u0101s\u2019\u2019 psihes b\u016bt\u012bbu.<\/p> Freida anal\u012btisk\u0101 sist\u0113ma orient\u0113ta uz indiv\u012bda pag\u0101tnes ietekmi uz tagadni, pamat\u0101 t\u0101 ir \u2018\u2019skats atpaka\u013c\u201d.<\/p> Jungs sap\u0146us uzskat\u012bja par ce\u013cu uz individu\u0101ciju \u2013 self<\/em> atkl\u0101\u0161anu.<\/p> Uztverot sap\u0146us k\u0101 realit\u0101ti, sap\u0146ot\u0101jam nav svar\u012bgi tulkot tos. Ar\u012b, ja sap\u0146us uzskata par kaut ko nere\u0101lu, interpret\u0101cijai nav j\u0113gas, jo nerealit\u0101te parasti tiek uztverta k\u0101 nenoz\u012bm\u012bga. Ja sapni uztver k\u0101 re\u0101lu, k\u0101 gar\u012bgu, psihisku, simbolisku vai ma\u0123isku realit\u0101ti, interpret\u0101cijai ir noz\u012bme.<\/p> Daudz\u0101s sabiedr\u012bb\u0101s ir profesion\u0101li sap\u0146u tulki, kas, izmantojot reli\u0123iskas, ma\u0123iskas vai medic\u012bniskas teorijas, m\u0113\u0123ina izskaidrot savu pacientu \/ klientu sap\u0146us. Barhma\u0146u oneirokriti\u0137i Indij\u0101, \u2018\u2019om myoshi\u2019\u2019 Jap\u0101n\u0101, hasidistu rab\u012bni Eirop\u0101, \u0112\u0123iptes \u2018\u2019pa-heri-tep\u2019\u2019, sengrie\u0137u inkub\u0101cijas kultu priesteri un m\u016bsdienu psihoterapeiti darboj\u0101s k\u0101 sap\u0146u tulkot\u0101ji savu kult\u016bru sist\u0113m\u0101s.<\/p> Ir public\u0113tas neskait\u0101mas sap\u0146u gr\u0101matas, kur m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ts rast objekt\u012bvu saist\u012bbu starp sap\u0146u t\u0113liem un specifiskiem objektiem, darb\u012bb\u0101m vai emocij\u0101m nomoda st\u0101vokl\u012b. Jebkuras pied\u0101v\u0101t\u0101s sap\u0146u tulko\u0161anas sist\u0113mas neveiksmes pamat\u0101 ir divk\u0101r\u0161s paradokss. Sap\u0146ot\u0101jam, kuram vajag savu sapni iztulkot, pietr\u016bkst psihiska veseluma, bet jebkur\u0161 sap\u0146u tulkot\u0101js no malas \u0161o veseluma tr\u016bkumu tikai pastiprina- lab\u0101kais, ko oneirokriti\u0137is var izdar\u012bt ir iem\u0101c\u012bt sap\u0146ot\u0101jam pa\u0161am saprast savus sap\u0146us, atrodot t\u0101du interpret\u0101ciju, kas ir subjekt\u012bvi apmierino\u0161a. Ikviena sap\u0146u interpret\u0101cijas sist\u0113ma ir adekv\u0101ta savu terminu robe\u017e\u0101s, ja sap\u0146ot\u0101js to pie\u0146em \u2013 t\u0101 ir \u2018\u2019pareiza\u2019\u2019. T\u0101tad \u2013 jebkura sap\u0146u interpret\u0101cijas sist\u0113ma ir \u2018\u2019pareiza\u2019\u2019. Ja jebkura ir \u2018\u2019pareiza\u2019\u2019 \u2013 tad visas ir \u2018\u2019pareizas\u2019\u2019.<\/p> Budas m\u0101te nosap\u0146oja, ka dimanta zilonis ar se\u0161iem snu\u0137iem iek\u013cuva vi\u0146as dzemd\u0113. Brahma\u0146i iztulkoja vi\u0146as sapni, ka Maijai piedzims d\u0113ls, kas k\u013c\u016bs par di\u017eu valdnieku.<\/p> J\u0101zeps veiksm\u012bgi interpret\u0113ja faraona sapni par septi\u0146iem trekn\u0101m un septi\u0146\u0101m k\u0101rn\u0101m gov\u012bm (septi\u0146i p\u0101rtic\u012bbas un septi\u0146i bada gadi).<\/p> Actekiem sap\u0146us tulkoja priesteri \u2018\u2019teopexqui\u2019\u2019 \u2013 slepeno zin\u0101\u0161anu glab\u0101t\u0101ji. Maijiem \u2013 \u2018\u2019cocome\u2019\u2019 \u2013 uzklaus\u012bt\u0101ji.<\/p> \u010cestera Betija papiruss satur 200 sap\u0146u un to interpret\u0101ciju aprakstu, ko veiku\u0161i Hora priesteri. Zin\u0101ms, ka ar\u012b Seta priesteri tulkoja sap\u0146us, ta\u010du neviens papiruss nav saglab\u0101jies, t\u0101p\u0113c nav zin\u0101ms, ar ko at\u0161\u0137\u012br\u0101s \u0161o abu skolu pieejas.<\/p> Sori Indij\u0101 (Orisas \u0161tats) rad\u012bja sakr\u0101lus z\u012bm\u0113jumus uz savu namu sien\u0101m, kuros atainoti nosap\u0146otie si\u017eeti. Piktogrammas veidoja miru\u0161o piemi\u0146ai vai ar dziedin\u0101\u0161anas nol\u016bku. \u0160o z\u012bm\u0113jumu pamatt\u0113ma ir nams \u2013 \u010detrst\u016bris, kas simboliz\u0113 pasaul\u012bg\u0101s dz\u012bves ietvaru, \u0101rpus t\u0101 \u2013 gar\u012bgi simboli.<\/p> T\u016bl\u012bt p\u0113c sap\u0146a nama \u012bpa\u0161nieks to uzz\u012bm\u0113ja uz sienas. Tad tika aicin\u0101ts \u0161amanis, lai tas izsauktu garu, kam par godu z\u012bm\u0113jums veidots. \u0160amanis trans\u0101 run\u0101ja gara bals\u012b, izv\u0113rt\u0113jot z\u012bm\u0113jumu un ierosinot to papildin\u0101t vai izmain\u012bt.<\/p> ASV zieme\u013cos un Kan\u0101d\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161ie \u010dipevas apzin\u0101ti att\u012bst\u012bja sp\u0113ju sap\u0146ot. \u2018\u2019Senaj\u0101s dien\u0101s m\u016bsu \u013caud\u012bm nebija izgl\u012bt\u012bba. Vi\u0146i nevar\u0113ja m\u0101c\u012bties no gr\u0101mat\u0101m un skolot\u0101jiem. Visas zin\u0101\u0161anas un gudr\u012bbu tie sm\u0113l\u0101s savos sap\u0146os. Vi\u0146i p\u0101rbaud\u012bja savus sap\u0146us, t\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 apjau\u0161ot savus sp\u0113kus.\u2019\u2019 B\u0113rni kop\u0161 mazotnes tika iedro\u0161in\u0101ti sap\u0146ot un atcer\u0113ties savus sap\u0146us. Sasniedzot pubert\u0101ti, ikviens \u010dipevas z\u0113ns vientul\u012bb\u0101 gav\u0113ja \u010detras dienas, gatavojoties sapnim, kas noteiks vi\u0146a n\u0101kotni. Atkl\u0101sme atn\u0101ca sapn\u012b vai nomoda v\u012bzij\u0101 \u2013 k\u0101 dziesma, ko vi\u0146am dzied\u0101t kaujas lauk\u0101. T\u0101 k\u013cuva par vi\u0146a sp\u0113ka avotu.<\/p> Rado\u0161ais sap\u0146ot\u0101js pamostas ar jaun\u0101m zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m, insaitu vai arhetipisku un noz\u012bm\u012bgu simbolu. Rado\u0161ais sap\u0146ot\u0101js apzin\u0101s gan sap\u0146o\u0161anas, gan nomoda l\u012bdzv\u0113rt\u012bbu.<\/p> Arhetipiskais t\u0113ls \u2013 \u010d\u016bska, kas rija savu asti \u2013 al\u0137\u012bmi\u0137iem simboliz\u0113ja kreat\u012bv\u0101s ener\u0123ijas kosmiskos aspektus. V\u0101cu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137im Kekul\u0113 n\u0101ca atkl\u0101sme par benzola molekulas strukt\u016bru p\u0113c tam, kad sapn\u012b bija redz\u0113jis \u0161o simbolu.<\/p> Pueblo indi\u0101\u0146us sapn\u012b apmekl\u0113ja sarg\u0101jo\u0161ais gars un deva padomu, k\u0101 \u0123\u0113rbties, dodoties kauj\u0101, k\u0101das z\u0101les lietot slim\u012bbu gad\u012bjumos vai ar\u012b iem\u0101c\u012bja vi\u0146iem sakr\u0101lu dziesmu. Nomod\u0101 sap\u0146ot\u0101js izgatavoja talismanu, kas atspogu\u013coja sap\u0146u t\u0113lu un kas vi\u0146u pasarg\u0101ja. Bie\u017e\u0101k tie bija putnu vai zv\u0113ru veid\u0101, bet reiz\u0113m \u2013 ar\u012b abstrakti t\u0113li.<\/p> \u2018\u2019Sirre\u0101lisma manifest\u0101\u2019\u2019 (Manifeste du surrealisme) liela noz\u012bme pie\u0161\u0137irta sap\u0146iem \u2013 tie tiek uzskat\u012bti par dabiskiem, nelo\u0123iskiem, sl\u0113ptiem cilv\u0113ka dabas asapektiem. Pirmie sirre\u0101lisma dzejnieki (\u0161\u012b kust\u012bba s\u0101k\u0101s literat\u016br\u0101, p\u0113c tam \u2013 t\u0113lot\u0101jm\u0101ksl\u0101) eksperiment\u0113ja ar autom\u0101tisko rakst\u012b\u0161anu transa st\u0101vokl\u012b, nepiev\u0113r\u0161ot uzman\u012bbu lo\u0123ikai, liter\u0101raj\u0101m vai soci\u0101laj\u0101m norm\u0101m. Andre Masons rad\u012bja autom\u0101tisku z\u012bm\u0113jumu s\u0113riju.<\/p> D\u017e.de \u010ciriko sapni uzskat\u012bja par ide\u0101lu st\u0101vokli. M\u0101kslas darbs iziet \u0101rpus cilv\u0113ku pasaules robe\u017e\u0101m bez jebk\u0101da vesel\u0101 sapr\u0101ta un lo\u0123ikas. \u0160\u0101d\u0101 izpratn\u0113 m\u0101kslas darbs ir tuv\u0101ks sapnim k\u0101 nomoda st\u0101voklim.<\/p> Ren\u0113 Magrits teica, ka sirre\u0101listi v\u0113las respekt\u0113t sap\u0146u pasauli, bet vi\u0146u darbi nav oneiriski. Magrita gleznas ir paradoks\u0101las \u2013 tie ir m\u0101ksl\u012bgi sap\u0146i.<\/p> 1929. gad\u0101 Salvadors Dali s\u0101ka piev\u0113rst uzman\u012bbu paranojas fenomena iek\u0161\u0113jiem meh\u0101nismiem. \u0160\u012b metode ieguva nosaukumu \u2018\u2019paranoiski kritisk\u0101 aktivit\u0101te\u2019\u2019 \u2013 spont\u0101ni irracion\u0101la izpratne.<\/p> Tulkots no : D.Coxhead, S.Hiller \u2018\u2019Dreams.<\/strong> Visions of the night\u2019\u2019 Thames&Hudson<\/p> Tulkoja : A. Palkavnieks, Esq.<\/p> [:lv]<\/p> Kolumbij\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161ajiem uitoto indi\u0101\u0146iem ir m\u012bts, ka pasaule rad\u0101s sapn\u012b. S\u0101kum\u0101 bija tuk\u0161ums. Pasaule ir T\u0113va \u2013 Kosmisk\u0101 \u0137erme\u0146a sapnis. Realit\u0101te ir t\u0101da, ka vi\u0146\u0161 var aps\u0113sties uz savas nosap\u0146ot\u0101s pasaules mali\u0146as.<\/p> Sapnis ir univers\u0101la pieredze. Agr\u0101k uzskat\u012bja, ka ne visi cilv\u0113ki sap\u0146o, bet tie, kas sap\u0146o \u2013 dara to reiz\u0113m. Kop\u0161 Aserinskis un Kleitmans 1953. gad\u0101 atkl\u0101ja \u0101tr\u0101s acu kust\u012bbas (REM) mieg\u0101 un to saist\u012bbu ar sap\u0146o\u0161anu, m\u0113s zin\u0101m , ka katrs cilv\u0113ks mieg\u0101 sap\u0146o. Nakts miega laik\u0101 cilv\u0113ks piedz\u012bvo 3 \u2013 4 smadze\u0146u aktivit\u0101tes izmai\u0146u periodus. Katr\u0101 no tiem ir aktivit\u0101tes pac\u0113lums, kad cilv\u0113ks sap\u0146o.<\/p> Tom\u0113r miega biolo\u0123ijas izp\u0113te nepal\u012bdz mums izprast sap\u0146o\u0161anas pieredzi.<\/p> Objektus un darb\u012bbas sap\u0146os m\u0113s piedz\u012bvojam tik pat re\u0101li, k\u0101 objektus nomoda dz\u012bv\u0113. \u0160o paradoksu iev\u0113roja jau pirms 1000 gadiem dz\u012bvojo\u0161ais \u010cu\u0146-cu : \u2018\u2019K\u0101du nakti es sap\u0146oju, ka esmu tauren\u012btis, lidin\u0101jos \u0161urpu \u2013 turpu. Pamodies, biju atkal \u010cu\u0146- cu. Kas es paties\u012bb\u0101 esmu? Tauren\u012btis, kas sap\u0146o, ka ir \u010cu\u0146- cu, vai \u010cu\u0146-cu, kas sap\u0146oja, ka ir tauren\u012btis?\u2019\u2019<\/p> Tas atkar\u012bgs no t\u0101, k\u0101 defin\u0113jam realit\u0101ti. M\u0113s sapni piedz\u012bvojam k\u0101 kaut ko re\u0101lu, bet pamodu\u0161ies to uzskat\u0101m par nere\u0101lu \u2013 tas ir tamd\u0113\u013c, ka, sap\u0146ojot, m\u0113s neapzin\u0101mies piln\u012bb\u0101 to realit\u0101ti, kas aptver m\u016bs.<\/p> Indijas gar\u012bg\u0101s filozofijas m\u0101ca, ka ir vair\u0101ki apzi\u0146as l\u012bme\u0146i, nevis viens, k\u0101 apgalvo materi\u0101listisk\u0101 filozofija.<\/p> Pasaule s\u0101kas k\u0101 sapnis \u2013 k\u0101 Nai-mu-enas sapnis Dienvidamerik\u0101 un k\u0101 Brahmas sapnis indie\u0161u mitolo\u0123ij\u0101.<\/p> Mir\u010da Eliade sav\u0101 m\u012btu teorij\u0101 gan apgalvo, ka m\u012btu un sap\u0146u t\u0113lu saturs nav fundament\u0101li saist\u012bts. Tom\u0113r \u2013 m\u012bti ir sap\u0146i pa\u0161i par sevi. Neapzi\u0146as rad\u012btais nav reli\u0123iju un to satura \u2013 simbolu, m\u012btu, ritu\u0101lu \u2018\u2019izejmateri\u0101ls\u2019\u2019. Neapzi\u0146as rad\u012btais, kas atspogu\u013cojas sap\u0146ot\u0101ja sapn\u012b ir homologs lielajiem kult\u016bru m\u012btiem, jo tie augst\u0101ka l\u012bme\u0146a apzin\u0101ti sap\u0146i. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di \u2013 gan individu\u0101los sap\u0146us, gan m\u012btus k\u0101 fenomenus m\u0113s varam apl\u016bkot k\u0101 sap\u0146u st\u0101vok\u013cus.<\/p> \u010cu\u0146-cu teica : \u2018\u2019Gan Konf\u016bcijs, gan tu esi sapnis, un ar\u012b es, kur\u0161 saka, ka tu esi sapnis, esmu sapnis. Tas ir paradokss.\u2019\u2019<\/p> Grie\u0137u trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Kad Hermejs pavada miru\u0161o dv\u0113seles uz vi\u0146sauli, vi\u0146\u0161 iziet caur demios oneiron \u2013<\/em> sap\u0146u ciematam. Pirms-Hom\u0113ra laikmeta grie\u0137iem Visums sast\u0101v\u0113ja no koncentriskiem ap\u013ciem, kas laik\u0101 un telp\u0101 izplat\u0101s, s\u0101kot no centra. \u0100rpus centra bija d\u012bvainu rad\u012bjumu apdz\u012bvotas me\u017eon\u012bgas zemes, aiz t\u0101m \u2013 Sv\u0113t\u012bto salas m\u016b\u017e\u012bgaj\u0101 Zelta laikmet\u0101. T\u0101l\u0101k \u2013 Okeanos<\/em>. Bet vi\u0146pus t\u0101 \u2013 antipasaule \u2013 miru\u0161o valst\u012bba. \u0100r\u0113jie ap\u013ci noz\u012bm\u0113ja \u2018\u2019sen\u0101k\u2019\u2019 un \u2018\u2019t\u0101l\u0101k\u2019\u2019. Centrs bija \u2018\u2019\u0161eit un tagad\u2019\u2019. Grie\u0137u m\u012btiskaj\u0101 \u0123eogr\u0101fij\u0101 sap\u0146i bija re\u0101l\u0101s pasaules \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s robe\u017e\u0101s un tuv\u0101k pirms\u0101kumiem. Grie\u0137u priek\u0161statos sap\u0146i bija zi\u0146as no dieviem. Sap\u0146i apciemoja seno grie\u0137i, nevis vi\u0146iem \u2018\u2019bija\u2019\u2019 sapnis.<\/p> Saska\u0146\u0101 ar orfi\u0137u doktr\u012bnu, pirmais Visuma princips ir Chronos,<\/em> laiks, no k\u0101 izc\u0113lies Haoss- bezgal\u012bbas simbols un \u0112teris \u2013 pabeigt\u012bbas simbols. Haosu ietver Nakts, veidojot apvalku. Visums ieg\u016bst olas formu, Nakts ir t\u0101s \u010daumala. \u0160\u012bs gigantisk\u0101s olas, kuras lejas da\u013ca ir zeme, bet aug\u0161\u0113j\u0101 da\u013ca \u2013 debess, centr\u0101 vispirms rad\u0101s Phanes<\/em>, gaisma. Nakts deva dz\u012bv\u012bbu Moros<\/em> (\u013caunajam liktenim), Ker<\/em> (postam), Thanatos<\/em> (n\u0101vei), Hypnos<\/em> (miegam) un \u2018\u2019sap\u0146ot\u0101jiem\u2019\u2019. Morfejs \u2013 sap\u0146u dievs, bija Hipnosa d\u0113ls. Sap\u0146ot\u0101ji, sap\u0146u t\u0113li un objekti \u0123enealo\u0123iski ir tuv\u0101ki pirms\u0101kumiem. Morfejs p\u0101rvalda sap\u0146u pasauli l\u012bdz\u012bgi , k\u0101 m\u0113s \u2013 vald\u0101m p\u0101r saviem sap\u0146iem. M\u0113s esam par tiem atbild\u012bgi, ta\u010du to esam\u012bba ir \u0101rpus mums.<\/p> V\u0113l\u0101ko laikmetu grie\u0137u filozofi struktur\u0113ja \u0113\u0123iptie\u0161u un Tuvo Austrumu m\u012btisk\u0101s idejas, saistot t\u0101s ar \u2018\u2019modernajiem\u2019\u2019 pasaules racion\u0101lajiem izskaidrojumiem. No Grie\u0137ijas cauri septi\u0146iem gadsimtiem \u2013 starp Herakl\u012btu un Artemidoru , II gs.p.m.\u0113. oneirologu, iez\u012bm\u0113jas visas sap\u0146u teorijas \u2013 materi\u0101listisk\u0101, mistisk\u0101, anal\u012btisk\u0101, okult\u0101 un medic\u012bnisk\u0101. T\u0101s visas bija paz\u012bstamas Rietumos XX. gs. s\u0101kum\u0101.<\/p> Hom\u0113rs sap\u0146us iedal\u012bja div\u0101s grup\u0101s \u2013 tie, kas ierodas caur Zilo\u0146kaula V\u0101rtiem un tie, kas caur Raga V\u0101rtiem. Patiesie sap\u0146i un viltus sap\u0146i. V\u0113l\u0101ko laikmetu sap\u0146u teor\u0113ti\u0137i m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja rast tiem krit\u0113rijus.<\/p> Pie\u0146emot to, ka sap\u0146os atspogu\u013cojas dievi\u0161\u0137a ietekme, Hipokr\u0101ts formul\u0113ja sap\u0146u diagnostisko v\u0113rt\u012bbu. Dv\u0113sele, kas nomoda st\u0101vokl\u012b ir piln\u012bb\u0101 aiz\u0146emta ar \u0137erme\u0146a funkcij\u0101m, mieg\u0101 m\u0113\u0123ina l\u012bdzsvarot veselumu un saprast slim\u012bbu c\u0113lo\u0146us. Kam\u0113r sap\u0146i patiesi atspogu\u013co nomoda dz\u012bvi, \u0137ermenis ir vesels. Bet, ja, piem\u0113ram, saule sapn\u012b ir melna, tad kaut kas nav k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101 ar to org\u0101nu, kas makro \u2013 un mikrokosmiski saist\u012bts ar sauli.<\/p> Herakl\u012bts uzskat\u012bja, ka apzi\u0146a ir uguns, dz\u012bv\u012bba, zin\u0101\u0161anas. Tas ir centrs, dod gaismu j\u0113gai. Gan mieg\u0101, gan n\u0101v\u0113 mitrums apdz\u0113\u0161 dz\u012bv\u012bbas uguni, dv\u0113sele no t\u0101s atbr\u012bvojas. N\u0101v\u0113 dv\u0113seles p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161as \u016bden\u012b. Sap\u0146i atrodas net\u0101lu no Oke\u0101na.<\/p> Aristotelis netic\u0113ja, ka sap\u0146iem ir dievi\u0161\u0137a izcelsme. Vi\u0146\u0161 uzskat\u012bja, ka sap\u0146i \u2018\u2019n\u0101k no sirds\u2019\u2019 \u2013 j\u016btu centra, ko izraisa sp\u0113c\u012bgas pr\u0101ta kust\u012bbas nomoda st\u0101vokl\u012b. Kust\u012bbas mieg\u0101 ir aizs\u0101kums kust\u012bb\u0101m nomod\u0101. Sap\u0146os atn\u0101k t\u0113li, kas nomod\u0101 k\u013c\u016bst par dom\u0101m. Ment\u0101lie t\u0113li ir k\u0101 atspulgi \u016bden\u012b. Atspulgs nav tas pats, kas ori\u0123in\u0101ls. Aristotelis bija pirmais filozofs, kur\u0161 iebilda pret t\u012briem prekognit\u012bviem sap\u0146iem, uzskatot, ka \u0161o sap\u0146u ir tik daudz, ka t\u012bri nejau\u0161i tie sakr\u012bt ar v\u0113l\u0101kajiem notikumiem.<\/p> Alternat\u012bva pieeja racion\u0101lajiem Aristote\u013ca skaidrojumiem bija pitagorie\u0161u uzskats, ka sapn\u012b dv\u0113sele atbr\u012bvojas no \u0137erme\u0146a un , pace\u013coties, saskaras ar augst\u0101k\u0101m b\u016btn\u0113m. \u0160is mistiskais koncepts sak\u0146ojas orfi\u0137u un \u0113\u0123iptie\u0161u doktr\u012bn\u0101s. \u0112\u0123ipt\u0113 vald\u012bja uzskats, ka ba<\/em> , jeb gar\u012bgais dubultnieks, pamet fizisko \u0137ermeni miega laik\u0101 un cilv\u0113kam mirstot. L\u012bdz\u012bgas idejas izsaka Platons \u2013 ka gari, kas m\u0101jo \u0113teriskajos apgabalos, n\u0101k m\u016bs apciemot, atnesot dievu zi\u0146as un pav\u0113les. \u0160\u012bs idejas t\u0101l\u0101k att\u012bst\u012bja neoplatonisti, tad p\u0101r\u0146\u0113ma gnosti\u0137i un caur Renesanses okultistiem l\u012bdz teozofistiem un XX gs. misti\u0137iem.<\/p> Artemidors no Efesas rakst\u012bja, ka sap\u0146i un v\u012bzijas atn\u0101k pie cilv\u0113kiem, lai tos br\u012bdin\u0101tu vai dotu padomus. Vi\u0146\u0161 bija viens no pirmajiem grie\u0137iem, kas p\u0113t\u012bja sap\u0146us nevis sap\u0146u teorijas. Pirmo reizi literat\u016br\u0101 par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s p\u0113t\u012bjumi, kuru pamat\u0101 bija 3000 sap\u0146u apraksti. Artemidora Oneirokritikas<\/em> 5 gr\u0101matas prezent\u0113ja hell\u0113nisko anal\u012btisko pieeju, ko v\u0113l\u0101k nov\u0113rt\u0113ja ar\u012b Z.Freids. T\u0101 viet\u0101, lai interpret\u0113tu sapni, Artemidors, m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja ieg\u016bt inform\u0101ciju par sap\u0146ot\u0101ju : vi\u0146a raksturu, noska\u0146ojumu, dz\u012bves apst\u0101k\u013cus, v\u0101rdu. Vi\u0146am \u0161\u0137ita svar\u012bgi noskaidrot, k\u0101 konkr\u0113tais sapnis ir saist\u012bts ar sap\u0146ot\u0101ju.<\/p> Artemidora gr\u0101mat\u0101s noz\u012bm\u012bga vieta atv\u0113l\u0113ta sap\u0146u sarakstam, kas sadal\u012bts kategorij\u0101s p\u0113c objektiem, pat \u013coti vienk\u0101r\u0161ot\u0101 veid\u0101. Tas saglab\u0101jies popul\u0101rs Rietumu pasaul\u0113 l\u012bdz pat m\u016bsu dien\u0101m.<\/p> B\u012bbelisk\u0101 trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Izra\u0113la v\u0113sture , k\u0101 aprakst\u012bta Vec\u0101s Der\u012bbas V\u0113sturiskaj\u0101s gr\u0101mat\u0101s un Tor\u0101, ir Jahves biogr\u0101fija. Un J\u016bdu uzdevums bija sekot Dieva gribai, kas izteikta Dieva dotajos likumos caur pravie\u0161u sap\u0146iem un v\u012bzij\u0101m. Kad Dievs uzrun\u0101ja j\u016bdus, vi\u0146\u0161 s\u016bt\u012bja m\u012btiski v\u0113sturiskas zi\u0146as. Vi\u0146\u0161 uzrun\u0101ja, s\u016btot sap\u0146us, kuru noz\u012bme bija skaidra un nep\u0101rprotama. J\u016bdiem sap\u0146i bija \u012bpa\u0161s veids, k\u0101 sa\u0146emt dievi\u0161\u0137\u0101s instrukcijas un iedvesmu.<\/p> Jaunaj\u0101 Der\u012bb\u0101 J\u0101zeps sapn\u012b sa\u0146em zi\u0146u par Kristus atn\u0101k\u0161anu. Marija \u0161o zi\u0146u sa\u0146em nomod\u0101. \u0160ie spiritu\u0101l\u0101s percepcijas l\u012bme\u0146i tika defin\u0113ti jau Vecaj\u0101 Der\u012bb\u0101, kad Dievs deva zi\u0146u, ka pravie\u0161i tiek uzrun\u0101ti sapn\u012b, bet \u2018\u2019mans kalps Mozus ir cit\u0101ds\u2026 ar vi\u0146u es varu run\u0101t tie\u0161i \u2013 aci pret aci\u2019\u2019. Senajos laikos pla\u0161i bija izplat\u012bts priek\u0161stats, ka parastajiem cilv\u0113kiem saskarsme ar Dievu dr\u012bz\u0101k var\u0113ja notikt sap\u0146os nevis nomoda v\u012bzij\u0101s, jo dien\u0101 cilv\u0113ka pr\u0101ts ir aiz\u0146emts ar ikdienas r\u016bp\u0113m. Nomoda v\u012bzijas apmekl\u0113 tos, kuri ir gar\u012bgi p\u0113c savas dabas.<\/p> Islama trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Islams ir pravietiska reli\u0123ija un sap\u0146o\u0161ana kop\u0161 pirms\u0101kumiem ir ietekm\u0113jusi t\u0101 gar\u012bgo dz\u012bvi. Lailatal-miraj<\/em>, jeb \u2018\u2019nakts ce\u013cojums\u2019\u2019 \u2013 Muhameda lielais sapnis, kur\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 tika iesv\u0113t\u012bts Visuma nosl\u0113pumos, s\u0101kas ar to, \u2018\u2019ka vi\u0146\u0161 gul\u0113ja starp diviem kalniem \u2013 Safa un Meeva\u2019\u2019, kad par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s e\u0146\u0123elis Gabri\u0113ls, vedot sev l\u012bdzi Elboraku \u2013 puscilv\u0113ku, sudraba lietuv\u0113nu, kura mugur\u0101 Muhameds dev\u0101s uz pasaules centru \u2013 Jeruzalemi. Jeruzalem\u0113 Muhameds sarun\u0101jas ar \u0100bramu, Mozu un J\u0113zu un kop\u012bgi ar vi\u0146iem l\u016bdz. Tad turpina ce\u013cojumu caur 7 debess sf\u0113r\u0101m \u2013 katrai ir sava kr\u0101sa un katra saist\u012bta ar 7 eksistences l\u012bme\u0146iem (materi\u0101lo, ve\u0123et\u0101lo, anim\u0101lo, hum\u0101no; un tr\u012bs \u2013 kas ir vi\u0146pus parasta cilv\u0113ka sp\u0113j\u0101m pieredz\u0113t). Beig\u0101s vi\u0146\u0161 nok\u013c\u016bst pie Dieva.<\/p> Vairums cilv\u0113ku dz\u012bvo materi\u0101laj\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b, kas, saska\u0146\u0101 ar sufistu skaidrojumu, ir t\u0101d\u0113\u013c, ka materi\u0101l\u0101 pasaule savu varu p\u0101r cilv\u0113kiem izr\u0101da caur liet\u0101m. Mekl\u0113t\u0101ja m\u0113r\u0137is ir sasniegt patiesu apzi\u0146as l\u012bmeni, izejot caur ve\u0123et\u0101lo un anim\u0101lo l\u012bmeni.<\/p> Ve\u0123et\u0101l\u0101 l\u012bme\u0146a v\u012bzijas cilv\u0113ks piedz\u012bvo, ja lieto drogas, kas pieder \u0161im l\u012bmenim.<\/p> Sap\u0146i, ko Muhameds piedz\u012bvoja m\u0113nesi pirms Kor\u0101na atkl\u0101smes, bija izol\u0113tas gaismas un ska\u0146as impresijas. Pravietis \u0161os sap\u0146us netulkoja, bet tie ir iez\u012bm\u0113ti ar atsevi\u0161\u0137iem burtiem vair\u0101ku Kor\u0101na noda\u013cu s\u0101kum\u0101 ( II nod. A,L,M utt.). Islam\u0101 noz\u012bm\u012bga vieta ir numerolo\u0123ijai un saist\u012bbai starp cipariem un burtiem. Ta\u010du, ko \u012bsti noz\u012bm\u0113 Kor\u0101na burti \u2013 nav zin\u0101ms. \u201c Vien\u012bgi Dievs zina, ko vi\u0146\u0161 bija dom\u0101jis ar \u0161iem burtiem\u2019\u2019.<\/p> Muhameda laikos nebija at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas starp miega sap\u0146iem un nomoda v\u012bzij\u0101m. Muhameds sa\u0146\u0113ma gar\u012bgu inform\u0101ciju abos veidos.<\/p> V\u0113l\u0101k \u2013 ortodoks\u0101lie musulma\u0146i, kuri vair\u0101k piev\u0113rsa uzman\u012bbu reli\u0123ijas \u0101r\u0113jai atrib\u016btikai nek\u0101 gar\u012bgajai pieredzei, pravietojumus un pravie\u0161us v\u0113rt\u0113ja saska\u0146\u0101 ar Vec\u0101s Der\u012bbas krit\u0113rijiem. Nabi <\/em> \u2013 vienk\u0101r\u0161s pravietis, kas sap\u0146os var redz\u0113t un dzird\u0113t e\u0146\u0123e\u013cus. Nabi morsal<\/em> \u2013 pravietis tautai, vi\u0146\u0161 var nomod\u0101 ieraudz\u012bt un sadzird\u0113t e\u0146\u0123e\u013cus. Se\u0161i Lielie Pravie\u0161i ( \u0100dams, Noass, \u0100brams, Mozus, J\u0113zus un Muhameds) atkl\u0101ja jaunus likumus (\u0161ariatu)<\/em> cilv\u0113cei. Vi\u0146i dzird\u0113ja Dieva balsi nomod\u0101.<\/p> Avicenna apgalvoja, ka cilv\u0113ka pr\u0101ts nakt\u012b ir daudz br\u012bv\u0101ks, nek\u0101 dien\u0101.<\/p> K\u0101ds XV gadsimta sufists \u2013 \u0160amsodins Lahid\u017ei apraksta savu sapni, kur\u0101 redz\u0113jis \u2018\u2019melnu gaismu\u2019\u2019. Da\u017ei autori skaidro, ka \u2018\u2019Meln\u0101 Gaisma\u2019\u2019 atkl\u0101j pirms\u0101kumu nosl\u0113pumu, jo es\u012bbai ir dubulta seja \u2013 gaismas un tumsas seja. Lahid\u017ei sav\u0101 sapn\u012b nenok\u0101pa ell\u0113, bet dev\u0101s debes\u012bs, v\u0113l aiz t\u0101m, kur ieraudz\u012bja melno gaismu.<\/p> Musulma\u0146u misti\u0137i uzskat\u012bja, ka sap\u0146u un v\u012bziju pasaule \u2013 alam al-mithral<\/em>, ir pusce\u013c\u0101 starp materi\u0101lo un intelektu\u0101lo pasauli. \u0160\u012b t\u0113lu pasaule nav nere\u0101la.<\/p> T\u0113lu pasaule nav iedom\u0101ta \u2013 to var sasniegt intens\u012bvu treni\u0146u rezult\u0101t\u0101. T\u0101 ir sap\u0146u pasaule, kas sasniedzama daudziem sap\u0146ot\u0101jiem.<\/p> Etnogr\u0101fisk\u0101 trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Pirmatn\u0113j\u0101m vai arhaisk\u0101m taut\u0101m nepast\u0101v\u0113ja stingras robe\u017eas starp objekt\u012bvo un subjekt\u012bvo, starp izt\u0113li un realit\u0101ti. Novilkt prec\u012bzu robe\u017eu starp \u0161\u012bm liet\u0101m, ir viens no b\u016btisk\u0101kiem zin\u0101tnisk\u0101s pieejas un izgl\u012bt\u012bbas rezult\u0101tiem.<\/p> Malaizijas centr\u0101laj\u0101s kalnien\u0113s dz\u012bvo tauta \u2013 sinoji, kuru kolekt\u012bvaj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113 svar\u012bga noz\u012bme ir sap\u0146iem, kas stiprina un integr\u0113 kopienu un pal\u012bdz sasniegt augstu, K.G.Junga terminos run\u0101jot, \u2018\u2019individu\u0101cijas\u2019\u2019 l\u012bmeni. K.Stjuarts, kur\u0161 1935. gad\u0101 dz\u012bvoja starp sinojiem rakst\u012bja, ka \u0161\u012bs tautas vid\u016b nav vardarb\u012bbas, bru\u0146oti konflikti, gar\u012bgas un fiziskas slim\u012bbas. To vi\u0146\u0161 skaidro ar augsto psiholo\u0123isk\u0101s integr\u0101cijas un emocion\u0101l\u0101 brieduma l\u012bmeni, k\u0101 ar\u012b ar att\u012bst\u012bt\u0101m soci\u0101laj\u0101m iema\u0146\u0101m, kas nodro\u0161ina kreat\u012bvas nevis destrukt\u012bvas interperson\u0101l\u0101s attiec\u012bbas.<\/p> Sinoji tic, ka katram ir j\u0101m\u0113\u0123ina kontrol\u0113t savu sap\u0146u pasauli, liekot sp\u0113kiem, kas taj\u0101 darbojas, kooper\u0113ties. Sap\u0146u t\u0113li ir re\u0101li. Ja tie apdraud, sap\u0146ot\u0101jam ir j\u0101c\u012bn\u0101s ar tiem, ja nepiecie\u0161ams, saucot pal\u012bg\u0101 savu draugu sap\u0146u t\u0113lus. Sap\u0146u t\u0113li ir b\u012bstami tik ilgi, kam\u0113r no tiem baid\u0101s. Ja sap\u0146ot\u0101js g\u016bst uzvaru sap\u0146u kauj\u0101, pretinieka gars k\u013c\u016bst par kalpu vai sabiedroto turpm\u0101kajos sap\u0146os vai nomoda dz\u012bv\u0113.<\/p> Katru r\u012btu \u0123imene san\u0101k kop\u0101, apsprie\u017e un izv\u0113rt\u0113 iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s nakts sap\u0146us. B\u0113rniem st\u0101sta par sap\u0146u noz\u012bmi un vi\u0146us iedro\u0161ina sap\u0146ot. Ja sinoju z\u0113ns st\u0101sta, ka sapn\u012b kritis no augstuma, vec\u0101ki saka, ka tas ir bijis br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bgs sapnis, viens no jauk\u0101kajiem, ko cilv\u0113ks var piedz\u012bvot. \u2018\u2019Kur tu nokriti? Ko jaunu ieraudz\u012bji?\u2026 Tev j\u0101atsl\u0101bin\u0101s un j\u0101bauda kritiens sapn\u012b. Kritiens ir \u0101tr\u0101kais veids, k\u0101 nok\u013c\u016bt garu pasaul\u0113\u2026 Dr\u012bz, kad atkal krit\u012bsi sapn\u012b, atceries, ko teicu\u2026 un tu sajut\u012bsi t\u0101 sp\u0113ka, kas tev liek krist, avotu.\u2019\u2019<\/p> Pat\u012bkamos sap\u0146us ir j\u0101turpina tik ilgi, kam\u0113r sasniedz kaut ko skaistu vai noder\u012bgu, ko var atnest saviem cilts \u013caud\u012bm nomod\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, ja cilv\u0113ks sapn\u012b lido, vi\u0146\u0161 to turpina dar\u012bt tik ilgi, l\u012bdz sasniedz b\u016btnes, kas vi\u0146am var iem\u0101c\u012bt k\u0101du dziesmu vai k\u0101du prasmi, ko atnest savas kopienas \u013caud\u012bm.<\/p> Seksu\u0101los sap\u0146us sap\u0146ot\u0101js turpina, kam\u0113r sasniedz orgasmu, p\u0113c tam pal\u016bdz savam sap\u0146u m\u012blniekam nodzied\u0101t k\u0101du dziesmi\u0146u.<\/p> Sapn\u012b vi\u0146\u0161 bez bail\u0113m var izteikt m\u012blu pret tiem, pret ko nomoda dz\u012bv\u0113 tas ir aizliegts \u2013 piem., pret br\u0101\u013ciem vai m\u0101s\u0101m, jo \u0161\u0101di sap\u0146u person\u0101\u017ei nav br\u0101\u013cu vai m\u0101su aspekti, bet psihiski t\u0113li, kas \u0161\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 mask\u0113jas.<\/p> Kad \u0123imene ir apspriedusi savus sap\u0146us, san\u0101k kop\u0101 sinoju v\u012brie\u0161i. Sapulci vada halaks \u2013<\/em> \u0161amanis. Tad tiek apspriesti un izv\u0113rt\u0113ti visu \u0123ime\u0146u sap\u0146i, tiek izskaidrotas un uzvestas dejas un izdzied\u0101tas dziesmas. \u0160amanisms (\u2018\u2019zin\u0101\u0161anas\u2019\u2019) ir sinoju v\u012brie\u0161u galam\u0113r\u0137is un halaks<\/em> nav tituls, bet ir st\u0101voklis, ko potenci\u0101li var sasniegt ikviens.<\/p> Sinoju sap\u0146u teorija skaidro, ka cilv\u0113kam ir gar\u012bgais \u0137ermenis, kuru veido prim\u0101r\u0101 sirds dv\u0113sele \u2013 sengin<\/em>, no k\u0101 atkar\u012bga dz\u012bv\u012bba un \u010detras sekund\u0101r\u0101s dv\u0113seles : jereg<\/em>, kas atrodas akn\u0101s un projic\u0113jas laik\u0101 un telp\u0101, hinum<\/em> \u2013 elpa, kas var pamest \u0137ermeni runas vai ekspresijas laik\u0101; ruai<\/em> \u2013 galva, kas atst\u0101j \u0137ermeni mieg\u0101; un kenlok<\/em> \u2013 ac\u012bs, kas kontrol\u0113 saj\u016btas un parastas zin\u0101\u0161anas. Lai k\u013c\u016btu par \u0161amani, ruai<\/em> un vismaz vienai citai dv\u0113selei j\u0101sp\u0113j atst\u0101t \u0137ermeni. Bet , lai k\u013c\u016btu par augst\u0101k\u0101 l\u012bme\u0146a halak<\/em>, vis\u0101m dv\u0113sel\u0113m, iz\u0146emot sengin<\/em> (t\u0101 pamet \u0137ermeni tikai mirstot), j\u0101sp\u0113j ce\u013cot \u0101rpus \u0137erme\u0146a un sadarboties ar ruai<\/em> sap\u0146u pasaul\u0113.<\/p> Ir divas Amerikas indi\u0101\u0146u ciltis, kuru kult\u016br\u0101 noz\u012bm\u012bgu vietu ie\u0146em sap\u0146i. Tie ir Kolorado marikopas un Piecu N\u0101ciju Konfeder\u0101cijas sast\u0101v\u0101 eso\u0161ie irok\u0113zi \u0145ujorkas pavalst\u012b. XVII gs, fran\u010du jezu\u012bti rakst\u012bja, ka irok\u0113ziem ir pavisam vienk\u0101r\u0161a diev\u012bba \u2013 tas ir sapnis. Vi\u0146i sekojot vis\u0101m sap\u0146os sa\u0146emtaj\u0101m instrukcij\u0101m. Vi\u0146i dom\u0101jot un run\u0101jot tikai par sap\u0146iem. Vi\u0146us uzskata par daudz reli\u0123ioz\u0101kiem, k\u0101 citas \u2013 kaimi\u0146u ciltis.<\/p> Irok\u0113zi sapni uzskat\u012bja par dv\u0113seles valodu, tas ir veids, k\u0101 dv\u0113sele izsaka savas v\u0113lmes. L\u012bdz\u012bgi Freida viedoklim, vi\u0146i dom\u0101ja, ka sapn\u012b cilv\u0113ka v\u0113lmes atkl\u0101jas mask\u0113t\u0101 veid\u0101, sap\u0146u valod\u0101.<\/p> Irok\u0113zu uzskats, ka sap\u0146u st\u0101voklis ir prim\u0101rs un nomoda realit\u0101te \u2013 sekund\u0101ra ir pret\u0113js Rietumu racion\u0101lismam, kur nomoda st\u0101voklis tiek uzskat\u012bts par prim\u0101ru realit\u0101ti, bet sapnis \u2013 nere\u0101ls, kura laik\u0101 kompj\u016bteram l\u012bdz\u012bgais pr\u0101ts tikai atspogu\u013co nomoda t\u0113lus. \u0160iem abiem gal\u0113jiem uzskatiem pietr\u016bkst veseluma.<\/p> Marikopas uzskat\u012bja, ka veiksm\u012bga dz\u012bve atkar\u012bga no gara, un gar\u012bgumu var ieg\u016bt, sap\u0146ojot. Ikviens, kas ir p\u0101rticis vai veiksm\u012bgs \u2013 sap\u0146o. Cilv\u0113ks ir p\u0101rticis nevis tamd\u0113\u013c, ka daudz str\u0101d\u0101jis, bet tamd\u0113\u013c, ka vi\u0146\u0161 ir daudz sap\u0146ojis. Sap\u0146a laik\u0101 cilv\u0113ka dv\u0113sele iziet \u0101rpus t\u0101 un atrod garu, kas atkl\u0101j dziesmu vai dziedin\u0101\u0161anas nosl\u0113pumu. Tom\u0113r tikai retais marikopa uzdro\u0161in\u0101s doties sap\u0146u ce\u013cojum\u0101 mekl\u0113t garu, jo ce\u013c\u0161 ir gar\u0161 un b\u012bstams. Tas ir ilgs process, jo sap\u0146ot\u0101js sa\u0146em zin\u0101\u0161anas no gara vair\u0101ku gadu garum\u0101. \u0160aj\u0101 (zin\u0101\u0161anu ieg\u016b\u0161anas) laik\u0101 sap\u0146ot\u0101js nedr\u012bkst nevienam st\u0101st\u012bt par saviem sap\u0146iem un tajos ieg\u016bto inform\u0101ciju. S\u0101kt p\u0101r\u0101k \u0101tri run\u0101t \u2013 bez \u012bstas izpratnes, tas var sadusmot garu un vi\u0146\u0161 pamet\u012bs sap\u0146ot\u0101ju.<\/p> Indie\u0161u trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Indie\u0161u trad\u012bcij\u0101 ir divas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas pieejas sap\u0146iem \u2013 reli\u0123iski filozofisk\u0101 un metafizisk\u0101 Upani\u0161\u0101du izpratne un gar\u012bg\u0101 un emp\u012brisk\u0101 jogas trad\u012bcija. Gadsimtu garum\u0101 sap\u0146o\u0161anas st\u0101vokli izprata k\u0101 psihisk\u0101 un spiritu\u0101l\u0101 visuma da\u013cu.<\/p> Upani\u0161\u0101d\u0101s piemin\u0113ta esenci\u0101l\u0101 mantra AUM (OM) \u2013 pirmatn\u0113j\u0101 ska\u0146a, kas saist\u012bta ar augst\u0101ko \u2013 kro\u0146a \u010dakru. Katrs burts A,U,M un kop\u0113j\u0101 ska\u0146a OM atspogu\u013co vienu no \u010detriem apzi\u0146as st\u0101vok\u013ciem, \u010detras brahmana <\/em>(univers\u0101lais pr\u0101ts\/dv\u0113sele) da\u013cas un \u010detras pat\u012bbas (atman)<\/em> da\u013cas. OM \u2013 Univers\u0101lais sapr\u0101ts, v\u0101rds, kas \u2018\u2019bija s\u0101kum\u0101\u2019\u2019).<\/p> Jogas ask\u0113tisk\u0101s un emp\u012brisk\u0101s tehnikas, bet v\u0113l\u0101k \u2013 psiholo\u0123isk\u0101 un mistisk\u0101 budistu joga balst\u012bj\u0101s uz Upani\u0161\u0101du centr\u0101lo domu, ka indiv\u012bda dv\u0113sele \u2013 atman<\/em> un pasaules dv\u0113sele \u2013 brahman<\/em> p\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas ir viena, un tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka ieg\u016bstot zin\u0101\u0161anas, indiv\u012bds var sasniegt dievi\u0161\u0137u st\u0101vokli. Indiv\u012bda atbild\u012bba ir piepild\u012bt dievi\u0161\u0137o br\u012bv\u012bbu un nemirst\u012bbu, to darot nevis filozofiski, k\u0101 agr\u012bnaj\u0101s Upani\u0161\u0101d\u0101s, bet gan praktiski.<\/p> Mandukya <\/em>\u2013 teksts, kas ir Tibetas misti\u0137u psiholo\u0123isk\u0101 rokasgr\u0101mata, sap\u0146u st\u0101vokli apraksta k\u0101 otro pak\u0101pi, kurai katram j\u0101iziet cauri, lai sasniegtu apgaism\u012bbu.<\/p> Indie\u0161u trad\u012bcija atz\u012bst sap\u0146u \u2018\u2019realit\u0101tes\u2019\u2019 paradoksu \u2013 l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 nomoda \u2018\u2019realit\u0101te\u2019\u2019 \u2013 abas beigu beig\u0101s ir il\u016bzija.<\/p> Lai sasniegtu apgaism\u012bbas st\u0101vokli, cilv\u0113kam j\u0101iziet caur trim apzi\u0146as priek\u0161st\u0101vok\u013ciem \u2013 nomoda, sap\u0146u un miega bez sap\u0146iem, turkl\u0101t, tas j\u0101veic piln\u012bgi apzin\u0101ti. \u012apa\u0161a tehnika, lai uztur\u0113tu \u0161o nep\u0101rtrauktas apzi\u0146as st\u0101vokli ir \u2013 pranayama<\/em>, elpo\u0161anas kontrole, atk\u0101rtojot AUM. Tas l\u012bdzsvaro ieelpu, izelpu un gaisa retenci plau\u0161\u0101s t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di, ka visi \u0161ie procesi ir vien\u0101da ilguma.<\/p> Elpojot aizvien l\u0113n\u0101k, l\u012bdz sasniegts miega ritms, jogi pan\u0101k sap\u0146u st\u0101vokli, piln\u012bb\u0101 nezaud\u0113jot apzi\u0146u.<\/p> Tibetie\u0161u jogu teksts Chos-drug<\/em> (Se\u0161as Doktr\u012bnas) apraksta pak\u0101pes, kam j\u0101iziet cauri, lai ieg\u016btu zin\u0101\u0161anas. 1.Vit\u0101lais Siltums \u2013 dzin\u0113jsp\u0113ks, kas vajadz\u012bgs, uzs\u0101kot gar\u012bgo att\u012bst\u012bbu. 2. Iluzorais \u0136ermenis \u2013 jogi s\u0101k apzin\u0101ties, ka vi\u0146u \u0137ermenis un visi citi dabas objekti ir iluzori. 3. Sap\u0146i \u2013 jogi s\u0101k apzin\u0101ties, ka ar\u012b sap\u0146i ir iluzori. T\u0101tad \u2013 sap\u0146os un nomod\u0101 ieg\u016bt\u0101s pieredzes ir l\u012bdz\u012bgas. 4. T\u012br\u0101 Gaisma. 5. Starpst\u0101voklis \u2013 bardo<\/em>. 6. P\u0101rnese.<\/p> Paiet daudzi gadi medit\u0101cij\u0101s un treni\u0146os, l\u012bdz jogs sasniedz augst\u0101ko apzi\u0146as st\u0101vokli, \u2018\u2019k\u013c\u016bstot par rad\u012bt\u0101ju \u2026 dievu\u2019\u2019.<\/p> Psihoanal\u012btisk\u0101 trad\u012bcija<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p> Pirms Z.Freids 1899. gad\u0101 public\u0113ja savu monument\u0101lo darbu \u2018\u2019Sap\u0146u tulko\u0161ana\u2019\u2019, Eirop\u0101 sap\u0146u p\u0113t\u012bjumiem nodev\u0101s tikai atsevi\u0161\u0137i cilv\u0113ki, k\u0101 Alfreds Mori, kur\u0161 eksperiment\u0113ja ar fizisku saj\u016btu ietekmi uz sap\u0146iem, un H. de Senden\u012b, kur\u0161 m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja sap\u0146us apzin\u0101ti kontrol\u0113t.<\/p> Freids pamat\u012bgi izanaliz\u0113ja savus sap\u0146us un izvirz\u012bja teoriju, ka sap\u0146os cilv\u0113ks mask\u0113t\u0101 veid\u0101 piepilda savas infant\u012bl\u0101s seksu\u0101l\u0101s vajadz\u012bbas. T\u0101 k\u0101 vairums sap\u0146u nav ar seksu\u0101lu saturu, vi\u0146\u0161 uzskat\u012bja, ka \u2018\u2019manifestais\u2019\u2019 sapnis (tas, ko cilv\u0113ks atceras) ir pr\u0101ta cenz\u0113ts, bet aiz t\u0101 st\u0101v \u2018\u2019latentais\u2019\u2019 sapnis. \u2018\u2019Sap\u0146i ir miega sargi, nevis t\u0101 trauc\u0113t\u0101ji\u2019\u2019.<\/p> Latent\u0101 sap\u0146a saturs mask\u0113jas \u010detros veidos : kondens\u0101cija, nob\u012bde (displacement),<\/em> otrreiz\u0113ja p\u0101rstr\u0101de (secondary revision) <\/em>un simbolisms. \u0160os \u010detrus procesus vi\u0146\u0161 nosauca par \u2018\u2019sap\u0146u darbu\u2019\u2019. Kondens\u0101cija ir meh\u0101nisms, kad vair\u0101kas sap\u0146a idejas kondens\u0113jas vienk\u0101r\u0161os t\u0113los manifestaj\u0101 sapn\u012b ( piem., cilv\u0113ka t\u0113vs un psihoanal\u012bti\u0137is apvienojas vien\u0101 t\u0113l\u0101). Nob\u012bdes gad\u012bjum\u0101 emocijas, kas saist\u0101s ar k\u0101du situ\u0101ciju, tiek pied\u0113v\u0113tas citai, lai nov\u0113rstu sap\u0146ot\u0101ja uzman\u012bbu no savu j\u016btu objekta. Otrreiz\u0113ja p\u0101rstr\u0101de ir manifest\u0101 sap\u0146a neapzin\u0101ta izmain\u012b\u0161ana, lai piedotu tam j\u0113gu. Tom\u0113r Freids nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka ir daudz sap\u0146u, kas apmierina citas \u2013 ne seksu\u0101las vajadz\u012bbas. T\u0101 galvenok\u0101rt ir seksu\u0101lo org\u0101nu un aktivit\u0101\u0161u simboliz\u0101cija.<\/p> Freida teorija bija jauna savam laikmetam. Pat K.G.Jungs daudzus gadus pien\u0101c\u012bgi nenov\u0113rt\u0113ja \u0161\u012bs jaun\u0101s pieejas noz\u012bmi.<\/p> Kam\u0113r Freids sap\u0146us uzskat\u012bja par trauc\u0113tu psihisk\u0101s darb\u012bbas veidu, caur kuru var piek\u013c\u016bt pacienta neirozei, K.G.Jungs sapni uztv\u0113ra k\u0101 zemapzi\u0146as norm\u0101lu, spont\u0101nu un kreat\u012bvu ekspresiju.<\/p> Lai gan Jungs pie\u0146\u0113ma da\u017eus Freida sap\u0146u teorijas pamatprincipus, piem., kondens\u0101ciju un simboliz\u0101ciju, tom\u0113r piln\u012bb\u0101 nepiekrita \u2018\u2019mask\u0113\u0161an\u0101s\u2019\u2019 teorijai: \u2018\u2019Neredzu nek\u0101du iemeslu, kamd\u0113\u013c sapnim vajadz\u0113tu m\u016bs maldin\u0101t\u2019\u2019. T\u0101pat Jungs uzskat\u012bja, ka Freids krietni p\u0101rsp\u012bl\u0113 zemapzi\u0146as seksu\u0101lo aspektu. Un iebilda pret to, ka Freids p\u0101r\u0101k vienk\u0101r\u0161o simbolus , novedot tos l\u012bdz vienai vien\u012bgai idejai. T\u0101 viet\u0101 Jungs pied\u0101v\u0101ja amplifik\u0101ciju \u2013 sap\u0146u t\u0113la papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anu, velkot mitolo\u0123iskas un etnolo\u0123iskas paral\u0113les. P\u0113tot savus un savu pacientu sap\u0146us, Jungs atkl\u0101ja noteiktus arhetipus \u2013 psihes strukt\u016brelementus, kam piem\u012bt noteikta autonomija un ener\u0123ija un kas darbojas \u0101rpus apzin\u0101t\u0101. \u0160\u012bs psihisk\u0101s strukt\u016bras ir kop\u012bgas visiem cilv\u0113kiem. V\u0113l\u0101k Jungs t\u0101s nod\u0113v\u0113ja par kolekt\u012bv\u0101s zemapzi\u0146as arhetipiem. T\u0101s reprezent\u0113 \u2018\u2019ne-individu\u0101l\u0101s\u2019\u2019 psihes b\u016bt\u012bbu.<\/p> Freida anal\u012btisk\u0101 sist\u0113ma orient\u0113ta uz indiv\u012bda pag\u0101tnes ietekmi uz tagadni, pamat\u0101 t\u0101 ir \u2018\u2019skats atpaka\u013c\u201d.<\/p> Jungs sap\u0146us uzskat\u012bja par ce\u013cu uz individu\u0101ciju \u2013 self<\/em> atkl\u0101\u0161anu.<\/p> Uztverot sap\u0146us k\u0101 realit\u0101ti, sap\u0146ot\u0101jam nav svar\u012bgi tulkot tos. Ar\u012b, ja sap\u0146us uzskata par kaut ko nere\u0101lu, interpret\u0101cijai nav j\u0113gas, jo nerealit\u0101te parasti tiek uztverta k\u0101 nenoz\u012bm\u012bga. Ja sapni uztver k\u0101 re\u0101lu, k\u0101 gar\u012bgu, psihisku, simbolisku vai ma\u0123isku realit\u0101ti, interpret\u0101cijai ir noz\u012bme.<\/p> Daudz\u0101s sabiedr\u012bb\u0101s ir profesion\u0101li sap\u0146u tulki, kas, izmantojot reli\u0123iskas, ma\u0123iskas vai medic\u012bniskas teorijas, m\u0113\u0123ina izskaidrot savu pacientu \/ klientu sap\u0146us. Barhma\u0146u oneirokriti\u0137i Indij\u0101, \u2018\u2019om myoshi\u2019\u2019 Jap\u0101n\u0101, hasidistu rab\u012bni Eirop\u0101, \u0112\u0123iptes \u2018\u2019pa-heri-tep\u2019\u2019, sengrie\u0137u inkub\u0101cijas kultu priesteri un m\u016bsdienu psihoterapeiti darboj\u0101s k\u0101 sap\u0146u tulkot\u0101ji savu kult\u016bru sist\u0113m\u0101s.<\/p> Ir public\u0113tas neskait\u0101mas sap\u0146u gr\u0101matas, kur m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ts rast objekt\u012bvu saist\u012bbu starp sap\u0146u t\u0113liem un specifiskiem objektiem, darb\u012bb\u0101m vai emocij\u0101m nomoda st\u0101vokl\u012b. Jebkuras pied\u0101v\u0101t\u0101s sap\u0146u tulko\u0161anas sist\u0113mas neveiksmes pamat\u0101 ir divk\u0101r\u0161s paradokss. Sap\u0146ot\u0101jam, kuram vajag savu sapni iztulkot, pietr\u016bkst psihiska veseluma, bet jebkur\u0161 sap\u0146u tulkot\u0101js no malas \u0161o veseluma tr\u016bkumu tikai pastiprina- lab\u0101kais, ko oneirokriti\u0137is var izdar\u012bt ir iem\u0101c\u012bt sap\u0146ot\u0101jam pa\u0161am saprast savus sap\u0146us, atrodot t\u0101du interpret\u0101ciju, kas ir subjekt\u012bvi apmierino\u0161a. Ikviena sap\u0146u interpret\u0101cijas sist\u0113ma ir adekv\u0101ta savu terminu robe\u017e\u0101s, ja sap\u0146ot\u0101js to pie\u0146em \u2013 t\u0101 ir \u2018\u2019pareiza\u2019\u2019. T\u0101tad \u2013 jebkura sap\u0146u interpret\u0101cijas sist\u0113ma ir \u2018\u2019pareiza\u2019\u2019. Ja jebkura ir \u2018\u2019pareiza\u2019\u2019 \u2013 tad visas ir \u2018\u2019pareizas\u2019\u2019.<\/p> Budas m\u0101te nosap\u0146oja, ka dimanta zilonis ar se\u0161iem snu\u0137iem iek\u013cuva vi\u0146as dzemd\u0113. Brahma\u0146i iztulkoja vi\u0146as sapni, ka Maijai piedzims d\u0113ls, kas k\u013c\u016bs par di\u017eu valdnieku.<\/p> J\u0101zeps veiksm\u012bgi interpret\u0113ja faraona sapni par septi\u0146iem trekn\u0101m un septi\u0146\u0101m k\u0101rn\u0101m gov\u012bm (septi\u0146i p\u0101rtic\u012bbas un septi\u0146i bada gadi).<\/p> Actekiem sap\u0146us tulkoja priesteri \u2018\u2019teopexqui\u2019\u2019 \u2013 slepeno zin\u0101\u0161anu glab\u0101t\u0101ji. Maijiem \u2013 \u2018\u2019cocome\u2019\u2019 \u2013 uzklaus\u012bt\u0101ji.<\/p> \u010cestera Betija papiruss satur 200 sap\u0146u un to interpret\u0101ciju aprakstu, ko veiku\u0161i Hora priesteri. Zin\u0101ms, ka ar\u012b Seta priesteri tulkoja sap\u0146us, ta\u010du neviens papiruss nav saglab\u0101jies, t\u0101p\u0113c nav zin\u0101ms, ar ko at\u0161\u0137\u012br\u0101s \u0161o abu skolu pieejas.<\/p> Sori Indij\u0101 (Orisas \u0161tats) rad\u012bja sakr\u0101lus z\u012bm\u0113jumus uz savu namu sien\u0101m, kuros atainoti nosap\u0146otie si\u017eeti. Piktogrammas veidoja miru\u0161o piemi\u0146ai vai ar dziedin\u0101\u0161anas nol\u016bku. \u0160o z\u012bm\u0113jumu pamatt\u0113ma ir nams \u2013 \u010detrst\u016bris, kas simboliz\u0113 pasaul\u012bg\u0101s dz\u012bves ietvaru, \u0101rpus t\u0101 \u2013 gar\u012bgi simboli.<\/p> T\u016bl\u012bt p\u0113c sap\u0146a nama \u012bpa\u0161nieks to uzz\u012bm\u0113ja uz sienas. Tad tika aicin\u0101ts \u0161amanis, lai tas izsauktu garu, kam par godu z\u012bm\u0113jums veidots. \u0160amanis trans\u0101 run\u0101ja gara bals\u012b, izv\u0113rt\u0113jot z\u012bm\u0113jumu un ierosinot to papildin\u0101t vai izmain\u012bt.<\/p> ASV zieme\u013cos un Kan\u0101d\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161ie \u010dipevas apzin\u0101ti att\u012bst\u012bja sp\u0113ju sap\u0146ot. \u2018\u2019Senaj\u0101s dien\u0101s m\u016bsu \u013caud\u012bm nebija izgl\u012bt\u012bba. Vi\u0146i nevar\u0113ja m\u0101c\u012bties no gr\u0101mat\u0101m un skolot\u0101jiem. Visas zin\u0101\u0161anas un gudr\u012bbu tie sm\u0113l\u0101s savos sap\u0146os. Vi\u0146i p\u0101rbaud\u012bja savus sap\u0146us, t\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 apjau\u0161ot savus sp\u0113kus.\u2019\u2019 B\u0113rni kop\u0161 mazotnes tika iedro\u0161in\u0101ti sap\u0146ot un atcer\u0113ties savus sap\u0146us. Sasniedzot pubert\u0101ti, ikviens \u010dipevas z\u0113ns vientul\u012bb\u0101 gav\u0113ja \u010detras dienas, gatavojoties sapnim, kas noteiks vi\u0146a n\u0101kotni. Atkl\u0101sme atn\u0101ca sapn\u012b vai nomoda v\u012bzij\u0101 \u2013 k\u0101 dziesma, ko vi\u0146am dzied\u0101t kaujas lauk\u0101. T\u0101 k\u013cuva par vi\u0146a sp\u0113ka avotu.<\/p> Rado\u0161ais sap\u0146ot\u0101js pamostas ar jaun\u0101m zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m, insaitu vai arhetipisku un noz\u012bm\u012bgu simbolu. Rado\u0161ais sap\u0146ot\u0101js apzin\u0101s gan sap\u0146o\u0161anas, gan nomoda l\u012bdzv\u0113rt\u012bbu.<\/p> Arhetipiskais t\u0113ls \u2013 \u010d\u016bska, kas rija savu asti \u2013 al\u0137\u012bmi\u0137iem simboliz\u0113ja kreat\u012bv\u0101s ener\u0123ijas kosmiskos aspektus. V\u0101cu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137im Kekul\u0113 n\u0101ca atkl\u0101sme par benzola molekulas strukt\u016bru p\u0113c tam, kad sapn\u012b bija redz\u0113jis \u0161o simbolu.<\/p> Pueblo indi\u0101\u0146us sapn\u012b apmekl\u0113ja sarg\u0101jo\u0161ais gars un deva padomu, k\u0101 \u0123\u0113rbties, dodoties kauj\u0101, k\u0101das z\u0101les lietot slim\u012bbu gad\u012bjumos vai ar\u012b iem\u0101c\u012bja vi\u0146iem sakr\u0101lu dziesmu. Nomod\u0101 sap\u0146ot\u0101js izgatavoja talismanu, kas atspogu\u013coja sap\u0146u t\u0113lu un kas vi\u0146u pasarg\u0101ja. Bie\u017e\u0101k tie bija putnu vai zv\u0113ru veid\u0101, bet reiz\u0113m \u2013 ar\u012b abstrakti t\u0113li.<\/p> \u2018\u2019Sirre\u0101lisma manifest\u0101\u2019\u2019 (Manifeste du surrealisme) liela noz\u012bme pie\u0161\u0137irta sap\u0146iem \u2013 tie tiek uzskat\u012bti par dabiskiem, nelo\u0123iskiem, sl\u0113ptiem cilv\u0113ka dabas asapektiem. Pirmie sirre\u0101lisma dzejnieki (\u0161\u012b kust\u012bba s\u0101k\u0101s literat\u016br\u0101, p\u0113c tam \u2013 t\u0113lot\u0101jm\u0101ksl\u0101) eksperiment\u0113ja ar autom\u0101tisko rakst\u012b\u0161anu transa st\u0101vokl\u012b, nepiev\u0113r\u0161ot uzman\u012bbu lo\u0123ikai, liter\u0101raj\u0101m vai soci\u0101laj\u0101m norm\u0101m. Andre Masons rad\u012bja autom\u0101tisku z\u012bm\u0113jumu s\u0113riju.<\/p> D\u017e.de \u010ciriko sapni uzskat\u012bja par ide\u0101lu st\u0101vokli. M\u0101kslas darbs iziet \u0101rpus cilv\u0113ku pasaules robe\u017e\u0101m bez jebk\u0101da vesel\u0101 sapr\u0101ta un lo\u0123ikas. \u0160\u0101d\u0101 izpratn\u0113 m\u0101kslas darbs ir tuv\u0101ks sapnim k\u0101 nomoda st\u0101voklim.<\/p> Ren\u0113 Magrits teica, ka sirre\u0101listi v\u0113las respekt\u0113t sap\u0146u pasauli, bet vi\u0146u darbi nav oneiriski. Magrita gleznas ir paradoks\u0101las \u2013 tie ir m\u0101ksl\u012bgi sap\u0146i.<\/p> 1929. gad\u0101 Salvadors Dali s\u0101ka piev\u0113rst uzman\u012bbu paranojas fenomena iek\u0161\u0113jiem meh\u0101nismiem. \u0160\u012b metode ieguva nosaukumu \u2018\u2019paranoiski kritisk\u0101 aktivit\u0101te\u2019\u2019 \u2013 spont\u0101ni irracion\u0101la izpratne.<\/p> Tulkots no : D.Coxhead, S.Hiller \u2018\u2019Dreams.<\/strong> Visions of the night\u2019\u2019 Thames&Hudson<\/p> Tulkoja : A. Palkavnieks, Esq.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Kolumbij\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161ajiem uitoto indi\u0101\u0146iem ir m\u012bts, ka pasaule rad\u0101s sapn\u012b. S\u0101kum\u0101 bija tuk\u0161ums. Pasaule ir T\u0113va \u2013 Kosmisk\u0101 \u0137erme\u0146a sapnis. Realit\u0101te ir t\u0101da, ka vi\u0146\u0161 var aps\u0113sties uz savas nosap\u0146ot\u0101s pasaules mali\u0146as. Sapnis ir univers\u0101la pieredze. Agr\u0101k uzskat\u012bja, ka ne visi cilv\u0113ki sap\u0146o, bet tie, kas sap\u0146o \u2013 dara to reiz\u0113m. Kop\u0161 Aserinskis un Kleitmans […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":266,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-78","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nekategorizets","entry","has-media","owp-thumbs-layout-horizontal","owp-btn-normal","owp-tabs-layout-horizontal","has-no-thumbnails","circle-sale"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/78","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=78"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/78\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/266"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/psihodrama.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=78"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Sap\u0146u tulko\u0161ana<\/strong><\/h2>
Sap\u0146u artefakti<\/strong><\/h2>
Sap\u0146u m\u0101ksla<\/strong><\/h2>
Sap\u0146u zin\u0101tne<\/strong><\/h2>
Sap\u0146u tulko\u0161ana<\/strong><\/h2>
Sap\u0146u artefakti<\/strong><\/h2>
Sap\u0146u m\u0101ksla<\/strong><\/h2>